Python subprocess.PIPE() Examples

def run_command(args, wait=False):

    try:
        if (wait):
            p = subprocess.Popen(
                args, 
                stdout = subprocess.PIPE)
            p.wait()
        else:
            p = subprocess.Popen(
                args, 
                stdin = None, stdout = None, stderr = None, close_fds = True)

        (result, error) = p.communicate()
        
    except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
        sys.stderr.write(
            "common::run_command() : [ERROR]: output = %s, error code = %s\n" 
            % (e.output, e.returncode))

    return result 

def cmd(command):
    result = Result()

    p = Popen(shlex.split(command), stdin=PIPE, stdout=PIPE, stderr=PIPE)
    (stdout, stderr) = p.communicate()

    result.exit_code = p.returncode
    result.stdout = stdout
    result.stderr = stderr
    result.command = command

    if p.returncode != 0:
        print 'Error executing command [%s]' % command
        print 'stderr: [%s]' % stderr
        print 'stdout: [%s]' % stdout

    return result 

def preprocess_source(self, in_file, additional_args=[]):
        import subprocess

        self._args.extend(self._build_compiler_flags())
        self._args.extend(additional_args)

        result = subprocess.run(self._args, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE, universal_newlines=True)

        if result.returncode == 0:
            return result.stdout
        else:
            if result.stderr:
                Style.error('Preprocess failed: ')
                print(result.stderr)

            return '' 

def popen(cmd, mode="r", buffering=-1):
    if not isinstance(cmd, str):
        raise TypeError("invalid cmd type (%s, expected string)" % type(cmd))
    if mode not in ("r", "w"):
        raise ValueError("invalid mode %r" % mode)
    if buffering == 0 or buffering is None:
        raise ValueError("popen() does not support unbuffered streams")
    import subprocess, io
    if mode == "r":
        proc = subprocess.Popen(cmd,
                                shell=True,
                                stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
                                bufsize=buffering)
        return _wrap_close(io.TextIOWrapper(proc.stdout), proc)
    else:
        proc = subprocess.Popen(cmd,
                                shell=True,
                                stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
                                bufsize=buffering)
        return _wrap_close(io.TextIOWrapper(proc.stdin), proc)

# Helper for popen() -- a proxy for a file whose close waits for the process 

def run_command(command, wait=False):

    try:
        if (wait):

            p = subprocess.Popen(
                [command], 
                stdout = subprocess.PIPE,
                shell = True)
            p.wait()
        else:
            p = subprocess.Popen(
                [command], 
                shell = True, 
                stdin = None, stdout = None, stderr = None, close_fds = True)

        (result, error) = p.communicate()
        
    except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
        sys.stderr.write(
            "common::run_command() : [ERROR]: output = %s, error code = %s\n" 
            % (e.output, e.returncode))

    return result 

def del_addr(linkname, address):
        try:
            subprocess.run(['ip', 'address', 'del', address, 'dev', str(linkname)], stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT, shell=False, check=True)
            return [True, str(linkname)]
        except subprocess.CalledProcessError as suberror:
            return [False, "delete address failed : %s" % suberror.stdout.decode('utf-8')]


# ovs-vsctl list-br
# ovs-vsctl br-exists <Bridge>
# ovs-vsctl add-br <Bridge>
# ovs-vsctl del-br <Bridge>
# ovs-vsctl list-ports <Bridge>
# ovs-vsctl del-port <Bridge> <Port>
# ovs-vsctl add-port <Bridge> <Port> -- set interface <Port> type=gre options:remote_ip=<RemoteIP>
# ovs-vsctl add-port <Bridge> <Port> tag=<ID> -- set interface <Port> type=internal
# ovs-vsctl port-to-br <Port>
# ovs-vsctl set Port <Port> tag=<ID>
# ovs-vsctl clear Port <Port> tag 

def _upload_artifacts_to_version(self):
        """Recursively upload directory contents to S3."""
        if not os.listdir(self.artifact_path) or not self.artifact_path:
            raise S3ArtifactNotFound

        uploaded = False
        if self.s3props.get("content_metadata"):
            LOG.info("Uploading in multiple parts to set metadata")
            uploaded = self.content_metadata_uploads()

        if not uploaded:
            cmd = 'aws s3 sync {} {} --delete --exact-timestamps --profile {}'.format(self.artifact_path,
                                                                                      self.s3_version_uri, self.env)
            result = subprocess.run(cmd, check=True, shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
            LOG.debug("Upload Command Ouput: %s", result.stdout)

        LOG.info("Uploaded artifacts to %s bucket", self.bucket) 

def _sync_to_uri(self, uri):
        """Copy and sync versioned directory to uri in S3.

        Args:
            uri (str): S3 URI to sync version to.
        """
        cmd_cp = 'aws s3 cp {} {} --recursive --profile {}'.format(self.s3_version_uri, uri, self.env)
        # AWS CLI sync does not work as expected bucket to bucket with exact timestamp sync.
        cmd_sync = 'aws s3 sync {} {} --delete --exact-timestamps --profile {}'.format(
            self.s3_version_uri, uri, self.env)

        cp_result = subprocess.run(cmd_cp, check=True, shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
        LOG.debug("Copy to %s before sync output: %s", uri, cp_result.stdout)
        LOG.info("Copied version %s to %s", self.version, uri)

        sync_result = subprocess.run(cmd_sync, check=True, shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
        LOG.debug("Sync to %s command output: %s", uri, sync_result.stdout)
        LOG.info("Synced version %s to %s", self.version, uri) 

def partinfo(self, uuid=None, devname=None):
        """Read partition info including uuid and filesystem.
        
        You can specify uuid or devname to get the identified partition info.
        If no argument provided, all partitions will return.
        
        We read info from /etc/blkid/blkid.tab instead of call blkid command.
        REF: http://linuxconfig.org/how-to-retrieve-and-change-partitions-universally-unique-identifier-uuid-on-linux
        """
        blks = {}
        p = subprocess.Popen(shlex.split('/sbin/blkid'), stdout=subprocess.PIPE, close_fds=True)
        p.stdout.read()
        p.wait()

        # OpenVZ may not have this file
        if not os.path.exists('/etc/blkid/blkid.tab'): return None

        with open('/etc/blkid/blkid.tab') as f:
            for line in f:
                dom = parseString(line).documentElement
                _fstype = dom.getAttribute('TYPE')
                _uuid = dom.getAttribute('UUID')
                _devname = dom.firstChild.nodeValue.replace('/dev/', '')
                partinfo = {
                    'name': _devname,
                    'fstype': _fstype,
                    'uuid': _uuid,
                }
                if uuid and uuid == _uuid:
                    return partinfo
                elif devname and devname == _devname:
                    return partinfo
                else:
                    blks[_devname] = partinfo
        if uuid or devname:
            return None
        else:
            return blks 

def store_revision_info(src_path, output_dir, arg_string):
  
    # Get git hash
    gitproc = Popen(['git', 'rev-parse', 'HEAD'], stdout = PIPE, cwd=src_path)
    (stdout, _) = gitproc.communicate()
    git_hash = stdout.strip()
  
    # Get local changes
    gitproc = Popen(['git', 'diff', 'HEAD'], stdout = PIPE, cwd=src_path)
    (stdout, _) = gitproc.communicate()
    git_diff = stdout.strip()
    
    # Store a text file in the log directory
    rev_info_filename = os.path.join(output_dir, 'revision_info.txt')
    with open(rev_info_filename, "w") as text_file:
        text_file.write('arguments: %s\n--------------------\n' % arg_string)
        text_file.write('git hash: %s\n--------------------\n' % git_hash)
        text_file.write('%s' % git_diff) 

def filter_region(view, txt, command):
    try:
        contents = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(suffix='.txt', delete=False)
        contents.write(txt.encode('utf-8'))
        contents.close()

        script = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(suffix='.bat', delete=False)
        script.write(('@echo off\ntype %s | %s' % (contents.name, command)).encode('utf-8'))
        script.close()

        p = subprocess.Popen([script.name],
                             stdout=PIPE,
                             stderr=PIPE,
                             startupinfo=get_startup_info())

        out, err = p.communicate()
        return (out or err).decode(get_oem_cp()).replace('\r\n', '\n')[:-1].strip()
    finally:
        os.remove(script.name)
        os.remove(contents.name) 

def test_BadUserOrBadGroup(self):
        """Test that we read the correct domainname from the DMD file, the test domain
        should have been created by the test runner"""
        domainName = scatest.getTestDomainName()
        # Test that we don't already have a bound domain
        try:
            domMgr = self._root.resolve(scatest.getDomainMgrURI())
            self.assertEqual(domMgr, None)
        except CosNaming.NamingContext.NotFound:
            pass # This exception is expected

        args = ["../../control/framework/nodeBooter","-D","-debug", "9","--nopersist",'--user=domuser']
        nb = Popen( args, cwd=scatest.getSdrPath(), stderr=PIPE, stdout=PIPE)
        self.assertNotEqual(nb.stderr.read().find('Separator must be a space'),-1)

        args = ["../../control/framework/nodeBooter","-D","-debug", "9","--nopersist",'--group=somegroup']
        nb = Popen( args, cwd=scatest.getSdrPath(), stderr=PIPE, stdout=PIPE)
        self.assertNotEqual(nb.stderr.read().find('Separator must be a space'),-1) 

def mathjax(s):
    with open("temp.log", "w") as f:
        f.write(s)

    p = Popen([app.config['mjpage'],
              '--dollars',
               '--output', "CommonHTML",
               '--fontURL',
               ("https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/"
                "mathjax/2.7.0/fonts/HTML-CSS")], stdout=PIPE, stdin=PIPE,
              stderr=PIPE)

    #filename = hashlib.sha256(s.encode('utf-8')).hexdigest()
    #with open(filename, 'w') as f:
    #    print(s, file=f)

    res = p.communicate(input=s.encode('utf-8'))
    out = res[0].decode('utf-8')
    err = res[1].decode('utf-8')

    soup = BeautifulSoup(out, 'html.parser')
    style = str(soup.style)
    body = "".join(str(s) for s in soup.body.children)

    return style, body 

def win64_available(self):

        wine_bin, \
        wineserver_bin, \
        wine_lib = self.get_wine_bin_path()

        dev_null = open(os.devnull, 'w')
        try:
            proc = subprocess.Popen([wine_bin + '64'], stdout=dev_null, \
                stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT)
            dev_null.close()
            stdoutdata, stderrdata = proc.communicate()
            if proc.returncode == 1:
                self.combobox_winearch.set_visible(True)
                return True
            else:
                self.combobox_winearch.set_visible(False)
                self.winearch = 'win32'
                return False
        except:
            self.combobox_winearch.set_visible(False)
            self.winearch = 'win32'
            return False 

def execute_task(host, tasks):
        """Call Fabric to execute tasks against a host

        Return: CompletedProcess instance
        """
        # TODO: add support for groups, multiple hosts
        # TODO: add support for providing input data from team files
        return subprocess.run(
            [
                PYTHON2_PATH,
                FABRIC_PATH,
                '--abort-on-prompts',
                '--hosts=%s' % host,
                '--fabfile=%s' % FABFILE_PATH,
                *tasks,
            ],
            stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
            stderr=subprocess.STDOUT,  # Combine out/err into stdout; stderr will be None
            universal_newlines=True,
            check=True,
        ) 

def index():
    if request.args.get('code'):
        unlock_code = request.args.get('code')
        # unlock, new password
        re = s.query(RecoveryEmail).filter(RecoveryEmail.password_code==unlock_code).one_or_none()
        if re:
            jid = re.jid
            re.password_code = None
            s.merge(re)
            s.commit()
            # set new password and send email
            email_address = re.email
            password = ''.join(random.SystemRandom().choice(string.ascii_lowercase + string.ascii_uppercase + string.digits) for _ in range(10))
            p = subprocess.Popen(['/usr/bin/prosodyctl', 'passwd', jid], stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT)
            args = bytes("%s\n%s\n" % (password, password), encoding='utf8')
            p.communicate(args)
            sendMail(email_address, 'new password', password)
            content = render_template('success.html', message='password was sent')
        else:
            content = render_template('error.html', message='link invalid')
    else:
        content = render_template('index.html')
    return content 

def _compile_proto(full_path, dest):
    'Helper to compile protobuf files'
    proto_path = os.path.dirname(full_path)
    protoc_args = [find_protoc(),
                   '--python_out={}'.format(dest),
                   '--proto_path={}'.format(proto_path),
                   full_path]
    proc = subprocess.Popen(protoc_args, stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
                            stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
    try:
        outs, errs = proc.communicate(timeout=5)
    except subprocess.TimeoutExpired:
        proc.kill()
        outs, errs = proc.communicate()
        return False

    if proc.returncode != 0:
        msg = 'Failed compiling "{}": \n\nstderr: {}\nstdout: {}'.format(
            full_path, errs.decode('utf-8'), outs.decode('utf-8'))
        raise BadProtobuf(msg)

    return True 

def spawn(self, lines, additional_args = [ '-p', ''], width = None):
        (mouse_x, mouse_y) = get_mouse_location()
        if not width:
            width = 100 # some default width
        width = max(width, 101) # width has to be 100 at least (rofi restriction)
        # first, compute the top left corner of the menu
        menu_x = min(max(mouse_x - width/2, self.x), self.x + self.panel_width - width)
        menu_y = self.y
        # then, specify these coordinates relative to the mouse cursor
        menu_x -= mouse_x
        menu_y -= mouse_y
        # compile rofi arguments
        cmd = ['rofi', '-dmenu', '-sep' , '\\0' ]
        cmd += ['-monitor', '-3' ] # position relative to mouse cursor
        cmd += ['-layout', '1' ] # specify top left corner of the menu
        cmd += ['-width', str(width) ]
        cmd += ['-xoffset', str(menu_x), '-yoffset', str(menu_y) ]
        cmd += self.rofi_args
        cmd += additional_args
        rofi = subprocess.Popen(cmd,stdout=subprocess.PIPE,stdin=subprocess.PIPE)
        for i in lines:
            rofi.stdin.write(i.encode('utf-8'))
            rofi.stdin.write(struct.pack('B', 0))
        rofi.stdin.close()
        rofi.wait() 

def run_app(please_stop, server_is_ready):
    proc = subprocess.Popen(
        ["python", "active_data\\app.py", "--settings", "tests/config/elasticsearch.json"],
        stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
        stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
        stderr=subprocess.STDOUT,
        bufsize=-1
        #creationflags=CREATE_NEW_PROCESS_GROUP
    )

    while not please_stop:
        line = proc.stdout.readline()
        if not line:
            continue
        if line.find(" * Running on") >= 0:
            server_is_ready.go()
        Log.note("SERVER: {{line}}", {"line": line.strip()})

    proc.send_signal(signal.CTRL_C_EVENT)


# read_alternate_settings 

def pquery(command, stdin=None, **kwargs):
    if very_verbose:
        info('Query "'+' '.join(command)+'" in '+getcwd())
    try:
        proc = subprocess.Popen(command, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE, **kwargs)
    except OSError as e:
        if e[0] == errno.ENOENT:
            error(
                "Could not execute \"%s\".\n"
                "Please verify that it's installed and accessible from your current path by executing \"%s\".\n" % (command[0], command[0]), e[0])
        else:
            raise e

    stdout, _ = proc.communicate(stdin)

    if very_verbose:
        log(str(stdout).strip()+"\n")

    if proc.returncode != 0:
        raise ProcessException(proc.returncode, command[0], ' '.join(command), getcwd())

    return stdout 

def test_example_manuscript(manuscript):
    """
    Test command line execution of manubot to build an example manuscript.
    """
    manuscript_dir = directory.joinpath('manuscripts', manuscript)
    args = [
        'manubot',
        '--log-level', 'INFO',
        '--content-directory', manuscript_dir.joinpath('content'),
        '--output-directory', manuscript_dir.joinpath('output'),
    ]
    if manuscript == 'variables':
        args.extend([
            '--template-variables-path',
            manuscript_dir.joinpath('content/template-variables.json'),
        ])
    process = subprocess.run(
        args,
        stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
        stderr=subprocess.PIPE,
    )
    print(process.args)
    print(process.stderr.decode())
    assert process.returncode == 0 

def communicate(input, coro=None):
    if platform.system() == 'Windows':
        # asyncfile.Popen must be used instead of subprocess.Popen
        pipe = asyncoro.asyncfile.Popen([r'\cygwin64\bin\sha1sum.exe'], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
    else:
        pipe = subprocess.Popen(['sha1sum'], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
    # convert pipe to asynchronous version
    async_pipe = asyncoro.asyncfile.AsyncPipe(pipe)
    # 'communicate' takes either the data or file descriptor with data
    # (if file is too large to read in full) as input
    input = open(input)
    stdout, stderr = yield async_pipe.communicate(input)
    print('communicate sha1sum: %s' % stdout) 

def custom_feeder(input, coro=None):
    def write_proc(fin, pipe, coro=None):
        while True:
            data = yield os.read(fin.fileno(), 8*1024)
            if not data:
                break
            n = yield pipe.write(data, full=True)
            assert n == len(data)
        fin.close()
        pipe.stdin.close()

    def read_proc(pipe, coro=None):
        # output from sha1sum is small, so read until EOF
        data = yield pipe.stdout.read()
        pipe.stdout.close()
        raise StopIteration(data)

    if platform.system() == 'Windows':
        # asyncfile.Popen must be used instead of subprocess.Popen
        pipe = asyncoro.asyncfile.Popen([r'\cygwin64\bin\sha1sum.exe'],
                                        stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
    else:
        pipe = subprocess.Popen(['sha1sum'], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE)

    async_pipe = asyncoro.asyncfile.AsyncPipe(pipe)
    reader = asyncoro.Coro(read_proc, async_pipe)
    writer = asyncoro.Coro(write_proc, open(input), async_pipe)
    stdout = yield reader.finish()
    print('     feeder sha1sum: %s' % stdout)

# asyncoro.logger.setLevel(asyncoro.Logger.DEBUG)

# simpler version using 'communicate' 

def communicate(input, coro=None):
    if platform.system() == 'Windows':
        # asyncfile.Popen must be used instead of subprocess.Popen
        pipe = asyncoro.asyncfile.Popen([r'\cygwin64\bin\sha1sum.exe'], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
    else:
        pipe = subprocess.Popen(['sha1sum'], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
    # convert pipe to asynchronous version
    async_pipe = asyncoro.asyncfile.AsyncPipe(pipe)
    # 'communicate' takes either the data or file descriptor with data
    # (if file is too large to read in full) as input
    input = open(input)
    stdout, stderr = yield async_pipe.communicate(input)
    print('communicate sha1sum: %s' % stdout) 

def custom_feeder(input, coro=None):
    def write_proc(fin, pipe, coro=None):
        while True:
            data = yield os.read(fin.fileno(), 8*1024)
            if not data:
                break
            n = yield pipe.write(data, full=True)
            assert n == len(data)
        fin.close()
        pipe.stdin.close()

    def read_proc(pipe, coro=None):
        # output from sha1sum is small, so read until EOF
        data = yield pipe.stdout.read()
        pipe.stdout.close()
        raise StopIteration(data)

    if platform.system() == 'Windows':
        # asyncfile.Popen must be used instead of subprocess.Popen
        pipe = asyncoro.asyncfile.Popen([r'\cygwin64\bin\sha1sum.exe'],
                                        stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
    else:
        pipe = subprocess.Popen(['sha1sum'], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE)

    async_pipe = asyncoro.asyncfile.AsyncPipe(pipe)
    reader = asyncoro.Coro(read_proc, async_pipe)
    writer = asyncoro.Coro(write_proc, open(input), async_pipe)
    stdout = yield reader.finish()
    print('     feeder sha1sum: %s' % stdout)

# asyncoro.logger.setLevel(asyncoro.Logger.DEBUG)

# simpler version using 'communicate' 

def communicate(input, coro=None):
    if platform.system() == 'Windows':
        # asyncfile.Popen must be used instead of subprocess.Popen
        pipe = asyncoro.asyncfile.Popen([r'\cygwin64\bin\sha1sum.exe'], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
    else:
        pipe = subprocess.Popen(['sha1sum'], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
    # convert pipe to asynchronous version
    async_pipe = asyncoro.asyncfile.AsyncPipe(pipe)
    # 'communicate' takes either the data or file descriptor with data
    # (if file is too large to read in full) as input
    input = open(input)
    stdout, stderr = yield async_pipe.communicate(input)
    print('communicate sha1sum: %s' % stdout) 

def custom_feeder(input, coro=None):
    def write_proc(fin, pipe, coro=None):
        while True:
            data = yield os.read(fin.fileno(), 8*1024)
            if not data:
                break
            n = yield pipe.write(data, full=True)
            assert n == len(data)
        fin.close()
        pipe.stdin.close()

    def read_proc(pipe, coro=None):
        # output from sha1sum is small, so read until EOF
        data = yield pipe.stdout.read()
        pipe.stdout.close()
        raise StopIteration(data)

    if platform.system() == 'Windows':
        # asyncfile.Popen must be used instead of subprocess.Popen
        pipe = asyncoro.asyncfile.Popen([r'\cygwin64\bin\sha1sum.exe'],
                                        stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
    else:
        pipe = subprocess.Popen(['sha1sum'], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE)

    async_pipe = asyncoro.asyncfile.AsyncPipe(pipe)
    reader = asyncoro.Coro(read_proc, async_pipe)
    writer = asyncoro.Coro(write_proc, open(input), async_pipe)
    stdout = yield reader.finish()
    print('     feeder sha1sum: %s' % stdout)

# asyncoro.logger.setLevel(asyncoro.Logger.DEBUG)

# simpler version using 'communicate' 

def execute(cmd, success_msg="", failure_msg="", exitcode=-1):
    """
    Generic wrapper to execute the CLI commands. Returns Output if success.
    On success it can print message in stdout if specified.
    On failure, exits after writing to stderr.
    """
    p = subprocess.Popen(cmd, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
    out, err = p.communicate()
    if p.returncode == 0:
        if success_msg:
            output_ok(success_msg)
        return out
    else:
        err_msg = err if err else out
        output_notok(failure_msg, err=err_msg, exitcode=exitcode) 

def get_glusterd_workdir():
    """
    Command to get Glusterd working dir. If failed returns the
    default directory /var/lib/glusterd
    """
    p = subprocess.Popen(["gluster", "system::", "getwd"],
                         stdout=subprocess.PIPE)

    out, _ = p.communicate()

    if p.returncode == 0:
        return out.strip()
    else:
        return DEFAULT_GLUSTERD_WORKDIR 

def _get_gitinfo():
    import pygrunt.platform as platform
    import subprocess
    from pathlib import Path

    git = platform.current.find_executable('git')
    if git is None:
        # No git installed; assume we're on master
        return ('master', '')

    cwd = str(Path(__file__).parent)

    args = [git, 'rev-parse', '--abbrev-ref', 'HEAD']
    result = subprocess.run(args, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL, cwd=cwd, universal_newlines=True)
    if result.returncode != 0:
        # Quietly return defaults on fail
        return ('master', '')

    branch = result.stdout

    args = [git, 'rev-parse', 'HEAD']
    result = subprocess.run(args, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL, cwd=cwd, universal_newlines=True)
    if result.returncode != 0:
        # Quietly return defaults on fail
        return ('master', '')

    commit = result.stdout

    return (branch.strip(), commit.strip()) 

def compile_object(self, in_file, out_file):
        import subprocess

        in_file = Path(in_file)
        out_file = Path(out_file)

        # Skip compile if RecompileStrategy says so
        # Since preprocess_source ( possibly used by recompile ) also modifies self._args,
        # we gotta back it up
        # TODO: Maybe use something more elegant than self._args?
        old_args = self._args
        if out_file.is_file():
            if not self.recompile.should_recompile(str(in_file)):
                # Style.info('Nothing to do with', in_file)
                return True
        self._args = old_args

        Path(out_file).parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
        self._args.extend(self._build_compiler_flags())
        result = subprocess.run(self._args, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE, universal_newlines=True)

        # TODO: do something useful with output
        if result.stdout:
            print(result.stdout)

        if result.stderr:
            print(result.stderr)

        return result.returncode == 0 

def parse_tox(self):
        proc = subprocess.Popen(
            "tox -l", shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, cwd=self.cwd)
        self.tox_lines = proc.stdout.read().strip().split('\n')
        self.parse_python_versions() 

def run_command(command):
    try:
        subp = subprocess.Popen(command,shell=True,stdout=subprocess.PIPE,stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
        subp_output, errors = subp.communicate()
        if not errors:
            if subp_output == '':
                return '[+] Command successfully executed.\n'
            else:
                return subp_output
        return "[!] {}".format(errors)
    except KeyboardInterrupt:
        print "Terminated command." 

def check_dep():
    dep = subprocess.Popen('wmic OS get DataExecutionPrevention_SupportPolicy',shell=True,stdout=subprocess.PIPE,stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
    dep_mode, errors = dep.communicate()
    if not errors and dep_mode:
        if "0" in dep_mode:
            return "DEP is off for the whole system."
        elif "1" in dep_mode:
            return "Full DEP coverage for the whole system with no exceptions."
        elif "2" in dep_mode:
            return "DEP is limited to Windows system binaries."
        elif "3" in dep_mode:
            return "DEP is on for all programs and services."
    else:
        return errors 

def checklocalfw():
    print("Getting Windows Built in Firewall configuration...")
    fw = subprocess.Popen('netsh advfirewall show all state',shell=True,stdout=subprocess.PIPE,stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
    fw_mode, errors = fw.communicate()
    if not errors and fw_mode:
        return fw_mode
    else:
        return errros 

def run_command(command):
    try:
        subp = subprocess.Popen(command,shell=True,stdout=subprocess.PIPE,stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
        subp_output, errors = subp.communicate()
        if not errors:
            if subp_output == '':
                return '[+] Command successfully executed.\n'
            else:
                return subp_output
        return "[!] {}".format(errors)
    except KeyboardInterrupt:
        print "Terminated command." 

def run_command(command):
    try:
        subp = subprocess.Popen(command,shell=True,stdout=subprocess.PIPE,stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
        subp_output, errors = subp.communicate()
        if not errors:
            if subp_output == '':
                return '[+] Command successfully executed.\n'
            else:
                return subp_output
        return "[!] {}\n".format(errors)
    except KeyboardInterrupt:
        print "Terminated command." 

def get_command_result(cmd):
    p = subprocess.Popen(cmd.split(Res.white_space),
                         stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
    out, err = p.communicate()
    return err, out 

def _call_security(self, action, service, account, *args):
        """Call ``security`` CLI program that provides access to keychains.

        May raise `PasswordNotFound`, `PasswordExists` or `KeychainError`
        exceptions (the first two are subclasses of `KeychainError`).

        :param action: The ``security`` action to call, e.g.
                           ``add-generic-password``
        :type action: ``unicode``
        :param service: Name of the service.
        :type service: ``unicode``
        :param account: name of the account the password is for, e.g.
            "Pinboard"
        :type account: ``unicode``
        :param password: the password to secure
        :type password: ``unicode``
        :param *args: list of command line arguments to be passed to
                      ``security``
        :type *args: `list` or `tuple`
        :returns: ``(retcode, output)``. ``retcode`` is an `int`, ``output`` a
                  ``unicode`` string.
        :rtype: `tuple` (`int`, ``unicode``)

        """
        cmd = ['security', action, '-s', service, '-a', account] + list(args)
        p = subprocess.Popen(cmd, stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
                             stderr=subprocess.STDOUT)
        stdout, _ = p.communicate()
        if p.returncode == 44:  # password does not exist
            raise PasswordNotFound()
        elif p.returncode == 45:  # password already exists
            raise PasswordExists()
        elif p.returncode > 0:
            err = KeychainError('Unknown Keychain error : %s' % stdout)
            err.retcode = p.returncode
            raise err
        return stdout.strip().decode('utf-8') 

def run_script(self, script):
        fd, self.tmp_script_filename = tempfile.mkstemp()
        os.close(fd)
        f = open(self.tmp_script_filename, 'w')
        f.write(script)
        f.close()
        os.chmod(self.tmp_script_filename, 0o744)
        p = subprocess.Popen(
            self.tmp_script_filename, shell=True, stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
            stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT, close_fds=True)
        self.process = p
        self.stream = p.stdout 

def which(cmd):
		command = "which " + cmd
		check = subprocess.call([command], stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr =subprocess.PIPE, shell=True)
		if check == 0:
			print cmd + " Present"
		else:
			print cmd + " Not in PATH or not installed."

	# this checks for the required executable 

def run(self, timeout):
        def target():
            self.process = subprocess.Popen(self.cmd, shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
            self.output, self.error = self.process.communicate()

        thread = threading.Thread(target=target)
        thread.start()
        thread.join(timeout)

        if thread.is_alive():
            self.process.kill()
            return (False, "timeout", self.process.pid)
        return (self.process.returncode, self.output, self.error) 

def run(self, timeout):
        def target():
            self.process = subprocess.Popen(self.cmd, shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
            self.output, self.error = self.process.communicate()

        thread = threading.Thread(target=target)
        thread.start()
        thread.join(timeout)

        if thread.is_alive():
            self.process.kill()
            return (False, "timeout", self.process.pid)
        return (self.process.returncode, self.output, self.error) 

def uname(self):
        p = subprocess.Popen(shlex.split('uname -i'), stdout=subprocess.PIPE, close_fds=True)
        hwplatform = p.stdout.read().strip()
        p.wait()

        uname = platform.uname()
        return {
            'kernel_name': uname[0],
            'node': uname[1],
            'kernel_release': uname[2],
            'kernel_version': uname[3],
            'machine': uname[4],
            'processor': uname[5],
            'platform': hwplatform,
        } 

def play(self, streamUrl):
        self.close()
        opts = self._buildStartOpts(streamUrl)
        self.process = subprocess.Popen(opts, shell=False,
                            stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
                            stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
                            stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
        if logger.isEnabledFor(logging.DEBUG):
            logger.debug("Player started") 

def run_command(self, cmd, input_data=None):
        """
        Run a command in a child process , passing it any input data specified.

        :param cmd: The command to run.
        :param input_data: If specified, this must be a byte string containing
                           data to be sent to the child process.
        :return: A tuple consisting of the subprocess' exit code, a list of
                 lines read from the subprocess' ``stdout``, and a list of
                 lines read from the subprocess' ``stderr``.
        """
        kwargs = {
            'stdout': subprocess.PIPE,
            'stderr': subprocess.PIPE,
        }
        if input_data is not None:
            kwargs['stdin'] = subprocess.PIPE
        stdout = []
        stderr = []
        p = subprocess.Popen(cmd, **kwargs)
        # We don't use communicate() here because we may need to
        # get clever with interacting with the command
        t1 = Thread(target=self._reader, args=('stdout', p.stdout, stdout))
        t1.start()
        t2 = Thread(target=self._reader, args=('stderr', p.stderr, stderr))
        t2.start()
        if input_data is not None:
            p.stdin.write(input_data)
            p.stdin.close()

        p.wait()
        t1.join()
        t2.join()
        return p.returncode, stdout, stderr 

def run_command(self, cmd, **kwargs):
        p = subprocess.Popen(cmd, stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
                             stderr=subprocess.PIPE, **kwargs)
        t1 = threading.Thread(target=self.reader, args=(p.stdout, 'stdout'))
        t1.start()
        t2 = threading.Thread(target=self.reader, args=(p.stderr, 'stderr'))
        t2.start()
        p.wait()
        t1.join()
        t2.join()
        if self.progress is not None:
            self.progress('done.', 'main')
        elif self.verbose:
            sys.stderr.write('done.\n')
        return p 

def _get_lsb_release_info(self):
        """
        Get the information items from the lsb_release command output.

        Returns:
            A dictionary containing all information items.
        """
        cmd = 'lsb_release -a'
        process = subprocess.Popen(
            cmd,
            shell=True,
            stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
            stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
        stdout, stderr = process.communicate()
        stdout, stderr = stdout.decode('utf-8'), stderr.decode('utf-8')
        code = process.returncode
        if code == 0:
            content = stdout.splitlines()
            return self._parse_lsb_release_content(content)
        elif code == 127:  # Command not found
            return {}
        else:
            if sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 5):
                raise subprocess.CalledProcessError(code, cmd, stdout, stderr)
            elif sys.version_info[:2] >= (2, 7):
                raise subprocess.CalledProcessError(code, cmd, stdout)
            elif sys.version_info[:2] == (2, 6):
                raise subprocess.CalledProcessError(code, cmd) 

def exec_cmd(cmd, **kwds):
    """
    Execute arbitrary commands as sub-processes.
    """
    stdin = kwds.get('stdin', None)
    stdin_flag = None
    if not stdin is None:
        stdin_flag = subprocess.PIPE
    proc = subprocess.Popen(
        cmd,
        stdin=stdin_flag,
        stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
        stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
    stdout, stderr = proc.communicate(stdin)
    return (proc.returncode, stdout, stderr)


#=======================================================================
# Extend the Milter Class (where the email is captured)
#======================================================================= 

def scrapeDoi(url):
    env = os.environ.copy()
    cmd_line = ['timeout', '30s', 'google-chrome-unstable', '--headless', '--dump-dom', url]
    p = subprocess.Popen(cmd_line, stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
                         stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT,
                         env=env)
    out, err = p.communicate()
    if p.returncode:
        print('UTOH')
        return None
    elif b'ERROR:headless_shell.cc' in out:
        print(out)
        raise IOError('Something is wrong...')
    qurl = quote(url, '')
    if len(qurl) > 200:
        qurl = qurl[:200]
    with open(os.path.expanduser(f'~/files/scibot/{qurl}'), 'wb') as f:
        f.write(out)
    both = BeautifulSoup(out, 'lxml')
    doi = getDoi(both, both)
    return doi