Python subprocess.Popen() Examples

def cmd(command):
    result = Result()

    p = Popen(shlex.split(command), stdin=PIPE, stdout=PIPE, stderr=PIPE)
    (stdout, stderr) = p.communicate()

    result.exit_code = p.returncode
    result.stdout = stdout
    result.stderr = stderr
    result.command = command

    if p.returncode != 0:
        print 'Error executing command [%s]' % command
        print 'stderr: [%s]' % stderr
        print 'stdout: [%s]' % stdout

    return result 

def store_revision_info(src_path, output_dir, arg_string):
  
    # Get git hash
    gitproc = Popen(['git', 'rev-parse', 'HEAD'], stdout = PIPE, cwd=src_path)
    (stdout, _) = gitproc.communicate()
    git_hash = stdout.strip()
  
    # Get local changes
    gitproc = Popen(['git', 'diff', 'HEAD'], stdout = PIPE, cwd=src_path)
    (stdout, _) = gitproc.communicate()
    git_diff = stdout.strip()
    
    # Store a text file in the log directory
    rev_info_filename = os.path.join(output_dir, 'revision_info.txt')
    with open(rev_info_filename, "w") as text_file:
        text_file.write('arguments: %s\n--------------------\n' % arg_string)
        text_file.write('git hash: %s\n--------------------\n' % git_hash)
        text_file.write('%s' % git_diff) 

def run(daemon):
        if daemon:
            pid_file = './sensor21.pid'
            if os.path.isfile(pid_file):
                pid = int(open(pid_file).read())
                os.remove(pid_file)
                try:
                    p = psutil.Process(pid)
                    p.terminate()
                except:
                    pass
            try:
                p = subprocess.Popen(['python3', 'sensor21-server.py'])
                open(pid_file, 'w').write(str(p.pid))
            except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
                raise ValueError("error starting sensor21-server.py daemon")
        else:
            print("Server running...")
            app.run(host='::', port=5002) 

def run_command(args, wait=False):

    try:
        if (wait):
            p = subprocess.Popen(
                args, 
                stdout = subprocess.PIPE)
            p.wait()
        else:
            p = subprocess.Popen(
                args, 
                stdin = None, stdout = None, stderr = None, close_fds = True)

        (result, error) = p.communicate()
        
    except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
        sys.stderr.write(
            "common::run_command() : [ERROR]: output = %s, error code = %s\n" 
            % (e.output, e.returncode))

    return result 

def run_command(command, wait=False):

    try:
        if (wait):

            p = subprocess.Popen(
                [command], 
                stdout = subprocess.PIPE,
                shell = True)
            p.wait()
        else:
            p = subprocess.Popen(
                [command], 
                shell = True, 
                stdin = None, stdout = None, stderr = None, close_fds = True)

        (result, error) = p.communicate()
        
    except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
        sys.stderr.write(
            "common::run_command() : [ERROR]: output = %s, error code = %s\n" 
            % (e.output, e.returncode))

    return result 

def call(*popenargs, **kwargs):
        """Run command with arguments. Wait for command to complete. Sends
        output to logging module. The arguments are the same as for the Popen
        constructor."""

        from subprocess import Popen, PIPE

        kwargs['stdout'] = PIPE
        kwargs['stderr'] = PIPE

        p = Popen(*popenargs, **kwargs)
        stdout, stderr = p.communicate()

        if stdout:
            for line in stdout.strip().split("\n"):
                logger.info(line)

        if stderr:
            for line in stderr.strip().split("\n"):
                logger.error(line)

        return p.returncode 

def _compile_proto(full_path, dest):
    'Helper to compile protobuf files'
    proto_path = os.path.dirname(full_path)
    protoc_args = [find_protoc(),
                   '--python_out={}'.format(dest),
                   '--proto_path={}'.format(proto_path),
                   full_path]
    proc = subprocess.Popen(protoc_args, stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
                            stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
    try:
        outs, errs = proc.communicate(timeout=5)
    except subprocess.TimeoutExpired:
        proc.kill()
        outs, errs = proc.communicate()
        return False

    if proc.returncode != 0:
        msg = 'Failed compiling "{}": \n\nstderr: {}\nstdout: {}'.format(
            full_path, errs.decode('utf-8'), outs.decode('utf-8'))
        raise BadProtobuf(msg)

    return True 

def commandDaemon(cmd):
    global IPFS_API
    if cmd == 'status':
        return generateDaemonStatusButton()
    elif cmd == 'start':
        subprocess.Popen(['ipfs', 'daemon'])
        # retString = 'Failed to start IPFS daemon'
        # if 'Daemon is ready' in check_output():
        #  retString = 'IPFS daemon started'
        return Response('IPFS daemon starting...')

    elif cmd == 'stop':
        try:
            installedIPFSVersion = IPFS_API.version()['Version']
            if ipwbConfig.compareVersions(installedIPFSVersion, '0.4.10') < 0:
                raise UnsupportedIPFSVersions()
            IPFS_API.shutdown()
        except (subprocess.CalledProcessError, UnsupportedIPFSVersions) as e:
            # go-ipfs < 0.4.10
            subprocess.call(['killall', 'ipfs'])
        return Response('IPFS daemon stopping...')
    else:
        print('ERROR, bad command sent to daemon API!')
        print(cmd)
        return Response('bad command!') 

def exec_cmd(cmd, **kwds):
    """
    Execute arbitrary commands as sub-processes.
    """
    stdin = kwds.get('stdin', None)
    stdin_flag = None
    if not stdin is None:
        stdin_flag = subprocess.PIPE
    proc = subprocess.Popen(
        cmd,
        stdin=stdin_flag,
        stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
        stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
    stdout, stderr = proc.communicate(stdin)
    return (proc.returncode, stdout, stderr)


#=======================================================================
# Extend the Milter Class (where the email is captured)
#======================================================================= 

def epubcheck_help():
    """Return epubcheck.jar commandline help text.

    :return unicode: helptext from epubcheck.jar
    """

    # tc = locale.getdefaultlocale()[1]

    with open(os.devnull, "w") as devnull:
        p = subprocess.Popen(
            [c.JAVA, '-Duser.language=en', '-jar', c.EPUBCHECK, '-h'],
            stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
            stderr=devnull,
        )
        result = p.communicate()[0]

    return result.decode() 

def get_verify_command(self, signature_filename, data_filename,
                           keystore=None):
        """
        Return a suitable command for verifying a file.

        :param signature_filename: The pathname to the file containing the
                                   signature.
        :param data_filename: The pathname to the file containing the
                              signed data.
        :param keystore: The path to a directory which contains the keys
                         used in verification. If not specified, the
                         instance's ``gpg_home`` attribute is used instead.
        :return: The verifying command as a list suitable to be
                 passed to :class:`subprocess.Popen`.
        """
        cmd = [self.gpg, '--status-fd', '2', '--no-tty']
        if keystore is None:
            keystore = self.gpg_home
        if keystore:
            cmd.extend(['--homedir', keystore])
        cmd.extend(['--verify', signature_filename, data_filename])
        logger.debug('invoking: %s', ' '.join(cmd))
        return cmd 

def run_command_with_code(self, cmd, redirect_output=True,
                              check_exit_code=True):
        """Runs a command in an out-of-process shell.

        Returns the output of that command. Working directory is self.root.
        """
        if redirect_output:
            stdout = subprocess.PIPE
        else:
            stdout = None

        proc = subprocess.Popen(cmd, cwd=self.root, stdout=stdout)
        output = proc.communicate()[0]
        if check_exit_code and proc.returncode != 0:
            self.die('Command "%s" failed.\n%s', ' '.join(cmd), output)
        return (output, proc.returncode) 

def test_loadSADFile_startorder(self):
        maxpid=32768
        try:
            out=subprocess.Popen(['cat', '/proc/sys/kernel/pid_max'], stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
            res=out.communicate()
            maxpid=int(res[0].strip())
        except:
            pass
        retval = sb.loadSADFile('sdr/dom/waveforms/ticket_462_w/ticket_462_w.sad.xml')
        self.assertEquals(retval, True)
        comp_ac = sb.getComponent('ticket_462_ac_1')
        self.assertNotEquals(comp_ac, None)
        comp = sb.getComponent('ticket_462_1')
        self.assertNotEquals(comp, None)
        if comp_ac._pid <= maxpid-1:
            isless= comp_ac._pid < comp._pid
        else:
            isless=comp._pid < comp_ac._pid 
        self.assertTrue(isless) 

def test_UserOrGroupNoDaemon(self):
        """Test that we read the correct domainname from the DMD file, the test domain
        should have been created by the test runner"""
        domainName = scatest.getTestDomainName()
        # Test that we don't already have a bound domain
        try:
            domMgr = self._root.resolve(scatest.getDomainMgrURI())
            self.assertEqual(domMgr, None)
        except CosNaming.NamingContext.NotFound:
            pass # This exception is expected

        args = ["../../control/framework/nodeBooter","-D","-debug", "9","--nopersist",'--user','domuser','--group','somegroup' ]
        nb = Popen( args, cwd=scatest.getSdrPath(), stderr=PIPE, stdout=PIPE)
        self.assertNotEqual(nb.stderr.read().find('If either group or user are specified, daemon must be set'),-1)

        args = ["../../control/framework/nodeBooter","-D","-debug", "9","--nopersist",'--group','somegroup' ]
        nb = Popen( args, cwd=scatest.getSdrPath(), stderr=PIPE, stdout=PIPE)
        self.assertNotEqual(nb.stderr.read().find('If either group or user are specified, daemon must be set'),-1)

        args = ["../../control/framework/nodeBooter","-D","-debug", "9","--nopersist",'--user','domuser' ]
        nb = Popen( args, cwd=scatest.getSdrPath(), stderr=PIPE, stdout=PIPE)
        self.assertNotEqual(nb.stderr.read().find('If either group or user are specified, daemon must be set'),-1) 

def test_BadUserOrBadGroup(self):
        """Test that we read the correct domainname from the DMD file, the test domain
        should have been created by the test runner"""
        domainName = scatest.getTestDomainName()
        # Test that we don't already have a bound domain
        try:
            domMgr = self._root.resolve(scatest.getDomainMgrURI())
            self.assertEqual(domMgr, None)
        except CosNaming.NamingContext.NotFound:
            pass # This exception is expected

        args = ["../../control/framework/nodeBooter","-D","-debug", "9","--nopersist",'--user=domuser']
        nb = Popen( args, cwd=scatest.getSdrPath(), stderr=PIPE, stdout=PIPE)
        self.assertNotEqual(nb.stderr.read().find('Separator must be a space'),-1)

        args = ["../../control/framework/nodeBooter","-D","-debug", "9","--nopersist",'--group=somegroup']
        nb = Popen( args, cwd=scatest.getSdrPath(), stderr=PIPE, stdout=PIPE)
        self.assertNotEqual(nb.stderr.read().find('Separator must be a space'),-1) 

def plot(self):
        if _domainless._DEBUG == True:
            print "Plot:plot()"

        # Error checking before launching plot
        if self.usesPortIORString == None:
            raise AssertionError, "Plot:plot() ERROR - usesPortIORString not set ... must call connect() on this object from another component"
        if self._usesPortName == None:
            raise AssertionError, "Plot:plot() ERROR - usesPortName not set ... must call connect() on this object from another component"
        if self._dataType == None:
            raise AssertionError, "Plot:plot() ERROR - dataType not set ... must call connect() on this object from another component"

        plotCommand = str(self._eclipsePath) + "/bin/plotter.sh -portname " + str(self._usesPortName) + " -repid " + str(self._dataType) + " -ior " + str(self.usesPortIORString)
        if _domainless._DEBUG == True:
            print "Plot:plotCommand " + str(plotCommand)
        args = _shlex.split(plotCommand)
        if _domainless._DEBUG == True:
            print "Plot:args " + str(args)
        try:
            dev_null = open('/dev/null','w')
            sub_process = _subprocess.Popen(args,stdout=dev_null,preexec_fn=_os.setpgrp)
            pid = sub_process.pid
            self._processes[pid] = sub_process
        except Exception, e:
            raise AssertionError, "Plot:plot() Failed to launch plotting due to %s" % ( e) 

def print_card(pdf, printer_name):
    """
    Send the PDF to the printer!

    Shells out to `lpr` to do the work.

    :param pdf: Binary PDF buffer
    :param printer_name: Name of the printer on the system (ie. CUPS name)
    """
    process = subprocess.Popen(
        ['lpr', '-P', printer_name],
        stdin=subprocess.PIPE
    )

    process.communicate(pdf)

    if process.returncode != 0:
        raise PrintingError('Return code {}'.format(process.returncode)) 

def pipe_weighted_edgelist_to_convert(matrix, bin_filename, weight_filename):
    """ Pipe a weighted edgelist (COO sparse matrix) to Louvain's convert utility """
    raise ValueError('Unsupported method at the moment')

    devnull = open(os.devnull, 'w')

    proc = subprocess.Popen([LOUVAIN_CONVERT_BINPATH,
                           '-i', '/dev/stdin',
                           '-o', bin_filename,
                           '-w', weight_filename,
                         ], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=devnull, stderr=devnull)

    # Stream text triplets to 'convert'
    for ijx in itertools.izip(matrix.row, matrix.col, matrix.data):
        proc.stdin.write('%d\t%d\t%f\n' % ijx)

    proc.stdin.close()
    proc.wait()
    devnull.close() 

def pipe_unweighted_edgelist_to_convert(matrix, bin_filename):
    """ Pipe an unweighted edgelist (COO sparse matrix) to Louvain's convert utility """
    devnull = open(os.devnull, 'w')

    proc = subprocess.Popen([LOUVAIN_CONVERT_BINPATH,
                           '-i', '/dev/stdin',
                           '-o', bin_filename,
                         ], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=devnull, stderr=devnull)

    # Stream text triplets to 'convert'
    for ij in itertools.izip(matrix.row, matrix.col):
        proc.stdin.write('%d\t%d\n' % ij)

    proc.stdin.close()
    proc.wait()
    devnull.close() 

def read_fastq(self):
        if self.file[-2:] == "gz":
            proc = subprocess.Popen(["gunzip", "--stdout", self.file], stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
            reader = proc.stdout
        else:
            reader = file(self.file, "r")

        while True:
            header = reader.next().strip()
            seq = reader.next().strip()
            reader.next() # incr line
            qual = reader.next().strip()

            if self.rc:
                seq = tk_seq.get_rev_comp(seq)
                qual = qual[::-1]

            yield FastqRow(header, seq, qual)

        reader.close() 

def parse_ab3_defines(defines_file):  # , pkg_name):
    try:
        fp = open(defines_file, 'rt')
        abd_cont = fp.read()
        fp.close()
    except:
        print('[E] Failed to load autobuild defines file! Do you have read permission?')
        return False
    script = "ARCH={}\n".format(
        get_arch_name()) + abd_cont + gen_laundry_list(['PKGNAME', 'PKGDEP', 'BUILDDEP'])
    try:
        # Better to be replaced by subprocess.Popen
        abd_out = subprocess.check_output(script, shell=True)
    except:
        print('[E] Malformed Autobuild defines file found! Couldn\'t continue!')
        return False
    abd_fp = io.StringIO('[wrap]\n' + abd_out.decode('utf-8'))
    abd_config = RawConfigParser()
    abd_config.read_file(abd_fp)
    abd_config_dict = {}
    for i in abd_config['wrap']:
        abd_config_dict[i.upper()] = abd_config['wrap'][i]
    return abd_config_dict 

def manage_test_process(queue, f, cpopen):
    if queue:
        if cpopen is not None:
            if cpopen.poll() is None:
                return cpopen  # not finish

        print("OK create new process")

        my_env = os.environ.copy()
        my_env["CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES"] = ""  # test  on CPU

        argument = queue.pop()
        popen = subprocess.Popen(argument, stdout=f, stderr=f, env=my_env)
        return popen
    else:
        return cpopen 

def runitt():
    open(pid, 'w').close()
    global variable
    variable=str(variable)
    variablestr=str(variable)
    print('Starting Trade of: ' + variablestr)
    process0='./zenbot.sh trade poloniex.' + variablestr
    subprocess.Popen(process0,shell=True)
    time.sleep(3600)
    print('Starting node kill process)
    process1='sudo killall node'
    subprocess.Popen(process1,shell=True)
    print('Starting final sell Of:' + variablestr + ' In Case of Error')
    process2='./zenbot.sh sell --order_adjust_time=1000000000 --sell_pct=100 --markup_pct=0  poloniex.' + variablestr
    proc2 = subprocess.Popen(process2,shell=True)
    proc2.communicate()
    print('Starting final sell Of:' + variablestr + ' In Case of Error')
    process3='./zenbot.sh sell --order_adjust_time=1000000000 --sell_pct=100 --markup_pct=0  poloniex.' + variablestr
    proc3 = subprocess.Popen(process3,shell=True)
    proc3.communicate()
    os.remove(pid)
    print('Done running loop, process file deleted. Waiting for another coin...')
# From now on, any update received will be passed to 'update_handler' NOTE... Later, Zenbot will be modified to cancel on order adjust. 

def mathjax(s):
    with open("temp.log", "w") as f:
        f.write(s)

    p = Popen([app.config['mjpage'],
              '--dollars',
               '--output', "CommonHTML",
               '--fontURL',
               ("https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/"
                "mathjax/2.7.0/fonts/HTML-CSS")], stdout=PIPE, stdin=PIPE,
              stderr=PIPE)

    #filename = hashlib.sha256(s.encode('utf-8')).hexdigest()
    #with open(filename, 'w') as f:
    #    print(s, file=f)

    res = p.communicate(input=s.encode('utf-8'))
    out = res[0].decode('utf-8')
    err = res[1].decode('utf-8')

    soup = BeautifulSoup(out, 'html.parser')
    style = str(soup.style)
    body = "".join(str(s) for s in soup.body.children)

    return style, body 

def add_to_vcs(self, summary):
        if (
            self.git_add and
            (SyncStatus.DELETED in summary or SyncStatus.ADDED in summary) and
            not self.dry_run and
            self.confirm(
                question=(
                    'Do you want to add created and removed files to GIT?'
                )
            )
        ):
            output, errors = subprocess.Popen(
                ['git', '-C', app_settings.SYNC_DIRECTORY,
                 'add', '-A', app_settings.SYNC_DIRECTORY],
                stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE
            ).communicate()
            if errors:
                raise self.error('Adding file changes to GIT failed!') 

def get_audio_streams(self):
		with open(os.devnull, 'w') as DEV_NULL:
			#Get file info and Parse it
			try:
				proc = subprocess.Popen([
					FFPROBE,
					'-i', self.input_video,
					'-of', 'json',
					'-show_streams'
				], stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=DEV_NULL)
			except OSError as e:
				if e.errno == os.errno.ENOENT:
					Logger.error("FFPROBE not found, install on your system to use this script")
					sys.exit(0)
			output = proc.stdout.read()

			return get_audio_streams(json.loads(output)) 

def launch(self, cfg, path, flags):
        logging.debug("Determine the OS and Architecture this application is currently running on")
        hostOS = platform.system().lower()
        logging.debug("hostOS: " + str(hostOS))
        is_64bits = sys.maxsize > 2 ** 32
        if is_64bits:
            hostArchitecture = 'x64'
        else:
            hostArchitecture = 'ia32'
        logging.debug("hostArchitecture: " + str(hostArchitecture))
        if(self.validateConfig(cfg, hostOS, hostArchitecture)):
            fnull = open(os.devnull, 'w')
            if os.environ.get("WPW_HOME") is not None:
                cmd = [os.environ["WPW_HOME"] + '/bin/rpc-agent-' + platform.system().lower() + '-' + self.detectHostArchitecture()]
            else:
                cmd = [path + '/wpwithinpy/iot-core-component/bin/rpc-agent-' + platform.system().lower() + '-' + self.detectHostArchitecture()]
            cmd.extend(flags)
            proc = subprocess.Popen(cmd, stdin=None, stdout=fnull, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT)
            return proc
        else:
            logging.debug("Invalid OS/Architecture combination detected") 

def build_mkdocs(self):
        """
        Invokes MkDocs to build the static documentation and moves the folder
        into the project root folder.
        """
        # Setting the working directory
        os.chdir(MKDOCS_DIR)

        # Building the MkDocs project
        pipe = subprocess.PIPE
        mkdocs_process = subprocess.Popen(
            ["mkdocs", "build", "-q"], stdout=pipe, stderr=pipe)
        std_op, std_err_op = mkdocs_process.communicate()

        if std_err_op:
            raise Error("Could not build MkDocs !\n%s" %
                        std_err_op) 

def goglib_get_games_list():

    proc = subprocess.Popen(['lgogdownloader', '--exclude', \
    '1,2,4,8,16,32', '--list-details'],stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
    games_detailed_list = proc.stdout.readlines()
    stdoutdata, stderrdata = proc.communicate()

    if proc.returncode == 0:

        file_path = os.getenv('HOME') + '/.games_nebula/config/games_list'

        games_list_file = open(file_path, 'w')

        for line in games_detailed_list:
            if 'Getting game info' not in line:
                games_list_file.write(line)

        return 0

    else:

        return 1 

def win64_available(self):

        wine_bin, \
        wineserver_bin, \
        wine_lib = self.get_wine_bin_path()

        dev_null = open(os.devnull, 'w')
        try:
            proc = subprocess.Popen([wine_bin + '64'], stdout=dev_null, \
                stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT)
            dev_null.close()
            stdoutdata, stderrdata = proc.communicate()
            if proc.returncode == 1:
                self.combobox_winearch.set_visible(True)
                return True
            else:
                self.combobox_winearch.set_visible(False)
                self.winearch = 'win32'
                return False
        except:
            self.combobox_winearch.set_visible(False)
            self.winearch = 'win32'
            return False 

def writerow(self, row):
        """

        :param row:
        :return:
        """
        self._bytes_written += self._out_writer.writerow(row)
        row_txt = self._buffer.getvalue()
        self._out_csv.write(row_txt)
        self._reset_buffer()
        self._out_csv.flush()
        if self._bytes_written > self.max_bytes:
            self._out_csv.close()
            self._make_csv_writer()
            out_name = str(Path(self._out_csv.name).absolute())
            subprocess.Popen(['7z', 'a', '-t7z', '-m0=lzma', '-mx=9', '-mfb=64', '-md=16m',
                              out_name + '.7z', out_name])

        return row_txt 

def index():
    if request.args.get('code'):
        unlock_code = request.args.get('code')
        # unlock, new password
        re = s.query(RecoveryEmail).filter(RecoveryEmail.password_code==unlock_code).one_or_none()
        if re:
            jid = re.jid
            re.password_code = None
            s.merge(re)
            s.commit()
            # set new password and send email
            email_address = re.email
            password = ''.join(random.SystemRandom().choice(string.ascii_lowercase + string.ascii_uppercase + string.digits) for _ in range(10))
            p = subprocess.Popen(['/usr/bin/prosodyctl', 'passwd', jid], stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT)
            args = bytes("%s\n%s\n" % (password, password), encoding='utf8')
            p.communicate(args)
            sendMail(email_address, 'new password', password)
            content = render_template('success.html', message='password was sent')
        else:
            content = render_template('error.html', message='link invalid')
    else:
        content = render_template('index.html')
    return content 

def _download_packages(self):
        if not os.path.exists(self.args[0]):
            os.makedirs(self.args[0])

        for package, pkg_opts in self.packages.iteritems():
            target = '%s/%s' % (self.mirror, pkg_opts['Filename'])
            debfilename = os.path.basename(target)
            local_debfile_path = os.path.join(self.args[0], debfilename)

            print 'Processing.. %s' % target
            if os.path.exists(local_debfile_path):
                md5sum = md5_checksum(local_debfile_path)
                if md5sum == pkg_opts['MD5sum']:
                    print ' . skipping... (MD5sum match)'
                    continue

            print " . downloading..."
            proc = subprocess.Popen(['wget', '-nv', '-P', self.args[0], target])
            proc.communicate() 

def output_articles(articles):
    if len(articles) == 0:
        print('No articles found')
        return

    try:
        pager = subprocess.Popen(['less'],
                                 stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
                                 stdout=sys.stdout)
        for article in articles:
            if int(article['reading_time']) <= 0:
                article['reading_time'] = 'Unknown'
            content = format_article(article, line=True)

            if six.PY3:
                content = bytearray(content, 'utf-8')

            pager.stdin.write(content)

        pager.stdin.close()
        pager.wait()
    except (KeyboardInterrupt, ValueError):
        pass 

def run_coala_with_specific_file(working_dir, file):
    """Run coala in a specified directory."""
    command = ["coala", "--json", "--find-config", "--files", file]
    stdout_file = tempfile.TemporaryFile()
    kwargs = {"stdout": stdout_file,
              "cwd": working_dir}
    process = subprocess.Popen(command, **kwargs)
    retval = process.wait()
    output_str = None

    if retval == 1:
        stdout_file.seek(0)
        output_str = stdout_file.read().decode("utf-8", "ignore")
        if output_str:
            log("Output =", output_str)
        else:
            log("No results for the file")
    elif retval == 0:
        log("No issues found")
    else:
        log("Exited with:", retval)
    stdout_file.close()
    return output_str 

def spawn(self, cmd, stdin_content="", stdin=False, shell=False, timeout=2):
        """
        Spawn a new process using subprocess
        """
        try:
            if type(cmd) != list:
                raise PJFInvalidType(type(cmd), list)
            if type(stdin_content) != str:
                raise PJFInvalidType(type(stdin_content), str)
            if type(stdin) != bool:
                raise PJFInvalidType(type(stdin), bool)
            self._in = stdin_content
            try:
                self.process = subprocess.Popen(cmd, stdout=PIPE, stderr=PIPE, stdin=PIPE, shell=shell)
                self.finish_read(timeout, stdin_content, stdin)
                if self.process.poll() is not None:
                    self.close()
            except KeyboardInterrupt:
                return
        except OSError:
            raise PJFProcessExecutionError("Binary <%s> does not exist" % cmd[0])
        except Exception as e:
            raise PJFBaseException(e.message if hasattr(e, "message") else str(e)) 

def spawn(self, lines, additional_args = [ '-p', ''], width = None):
        (mouse_x, mouse_y) = get_mouse_location()
        if not width:
            width = 100 # some default width
        width = max(width, 101) # width has to be 100 at least (rofi restriction)
        # first, compute the top left corner of the menu
        menu_x = min(max(mouse_x - width/2, self.x), self.x + self.panel_width - width)
        menu_y = self.y
        # then, specify these coordinates relative to the mouse cursor
        menu_x -= mouse_x
        menu_y -= mouse_y
        # compile rofi arguments
        cmd = ['rofi', '-dmenu', '-sep' , '\\0' ]
        cmd += ['-monitor', '-3' ] # position relative to mouse cursor
        cmd += ['-layout', '1' ] # specify top left corner of the menu
        cmd += ['-width', str(width) ]
        cmd += ['-xoffset', str(menu_x), '-yoffset', str(menu_y) ]
        cmd += self.rofi_args
        cmd += additional_args
        rofi = subprocess.Popen(cmd,stdout=subprocess.PIPE,stdin=subprocess.PIPE)
        for i in lines:
            rofi.stdin.write(i.encode('utf-8'))
            rofi.stdin.write(struct.pack('B', 0))
        rofi.stdin.close()
        rofi.wait() 

def communicate(input, coro=None):
    if platform.system() == 'Windows':
        # asyncfile.Popen must be used instead of subprocess.Popen
        pipe = asyncoro.asyncfile.Popen([r'\cygwin64\bin\sha1sum.exe'], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
    else:
        pipe = subprocess.Popen(['sha1sum'], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
    # convert pipe to asynchronous version
    async_pipe = asyncoro.asyncfile.AsyncPipe(pipe)
    # 'communicate' takes either the data or file descriptor with data
    # (if file is too large to read in full) as input
    input = open(input)
    stdout, stderr = yield async_pipe.communicate(input)
    print('communicate sha1sum: %s' % stdout) 

def custom_feeder(input, coro=None):
    def write_proc(fin, pipe, coro=None):
        while True:
            data = yield os.read(fin.fileno(), 8*1024)
            if not data:
                break
            n = yield pipe.write(data, full=True)
            assert n == len(data)
        fin.close()
        pipe.stdin.close()

    def read_proc(pipe, coro=None):
        # output from sha1sum is small, so read until EOF
        data = yield pipe.stdout.read()
        pipe.stdout.close()
        raise StopIteration(data)

    if platform.system() == 'Windows':
        # asyncfile.Popen must be used instead of subprocess.Popen
        pipe = asyncoro.asyncfile.Popen([r'\cygwin64\bin\sha1sum.exe'],
                                        stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
    else:
        pipe = subprocess.Popen(['sha1sum'], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE)

    async_pipe = asyncoro.asyncfile.AsyncPipe(pipe)
    reader = asyncoro.Coro(read_proc, async_pipe)
    writer = asyncoro.Coro(write_proc, open(input), async_pipe)
    stdout = yield reader.finish()
    print('     feeder sha1sum: %s' % stdout)

# asyncoro.logger.setLevel(asyncoro.Logger.DEBUG)

# simpler version using 'communicate' 

def communicate(input, coro=None):
    if platform.system() == 'Windows':
        # asyncfile.Popen must be used instead of subprocess.Popen
        pipe = asyncoro.asyncfile.Popen([r'\cygwin64\bin\sha1sum.exe'], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
    else:
        pipe = subprocess.Popen(['sha1sum'], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
    # convert pipe to asynchronous version
    async_pipe = asyncoro.asyncfile.AsyncPipe(pipe)
    # 'communicate' takes either the data or file descriptor with data
    # (if file is too large to read in full) as input
    input = open(input)
    stdout, stderr = yield async_pipe.communicate(input)
    print('communicate sha1sum: %s' % stdout) 

def custom_feeder(input, coro=None):
    def write_proc(fin, pipe, coro=None):
        while True:
            data = yield os.read(fin.fileno(), 8*1024)
            if not data:
                break
            n = yield pipe.write(data, full=True)
            assert n == len(data)
        fin.close()
        pipe.stdin.close()

    def read_proc(pipe, coro=None):
        # output from sha1sum is small, so read until EOF
        data = yield pipe.stdout.read()
        pipe.stdout.close()
        raise StopIteration(data)

    if platform.system() == 'Windows':
        # asyncfile.Popen must be used instead of subprocess.Popen
        pipe = asyncoro.asyncfile.Popen([r'\cygwin64\bin\sha1sum.exe'],
                                        stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
    else:
        pipe = subprocess.Popen(['sha1sum'], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE)

    async_pipe = asyncoro.asyncfile.AsyncPipe(pipe)
    reader = asyncoro.Coro(read_proc, async_pipe)
    writer = asyncoro.Coro(write_proc, open(input), async_pipe)
    stdout = yield reader.finish()
    print('     feeder sha1sum: %s' % stdout)

# asyncoro.logger.setLevel(asyncoro.Logger.DEBUG)

# simpler version using 'communicate' 

def terminate(self):
            """Close pipe and terminate child process.
            """
            self.close()
            super(Popen, self).terminate() 

def __init__(self, first, last=None):
        """'first' is a Popen object. 'last', if given, is another
        Popen object that is the end of the joints to 'first'.

        'write' operations send data to first's stdin and 'read'
        operations get data from last's stdout/stderr.
        """
        if not last:
            last = first
        self.first = first
        self.last = last
        if platform.system() == 'Windows':
            if not isinstance(first, Popen) or not isinstance(last, Popen):
                raise ValueError('argument must be asyncfile.Popen object')
            if first.stdin:
                self.stdin = first.stdin
            else:
                self.stdin = None
            if last.stdout:
                self.stdout = last.stdout
            else:
                self.stdout = None
            if last.stderr:
                self.stderr = last.stderr
            else:
                self.stderr = None
        else:
            if not isinstance(first, subprocess.Popen) or not isinstance(last, subprocess.Popen):
                raise ValueError('argument must be subprocess.Popen object')
            if first.stdin:
                self.stdin = AsyncFile(first.stdin)
            else:
                self.stdin = None
            if last.stdout:
                self.stdout = AsyncFile(last.stdout)
            else:
                self.stdout = None
            if last.stderr:
                self.stderr = AsyncFile(last.stderr)
            else:
                self.stderr = None 

def poll(self):
        """Similar to 'poll' of Popen.
        """
        if self.last:
            return self.last.poll()
        elif self.first:
            return self.first.poll() 

def custom_feeder(input, coro=None):
    def write_proc(fin, pipe, coro=None):
        while True:
            data = yield os.read(fin.fileno(), 8*1024)
            if not data:
                break
            n = yield pipe.write(data, full=True)
            assert n == len(data)
        fin.close()
        pipe.stdin.close()

    def read_proc(pipe, coro=None):
        # output from sha1sum is small, so read until EOF
        data = yield pipe.stdout.read()
        pipe.stdout.close()
        raise StopIteration(data)

    if platform.system() == 'Windows':
        # asyncfile.Popen must be used instead of subprocess.Popen
        pipe = asyncoro.asyncfile.Popen([r'\cygwin64\bin\sha1sum.exe'],
                                        stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
    else:
        pipe = subprocess.Popen(['sha1sum'], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE)

    async_pipe = asyncoro.asyncfile.AsyncPipe(pipe)
    reader = asyncoro.Coro(read_proc, async_pipe)
    writer = asyncoro.Coro(write_proc, open(input), async_pipe)
    stdout = yield reader.finish()
    print('     feeder sha1sum: %s' % stdout)

# asyncoro.logger.setLevel(asyncoro.Logger.DEBUG)

# simpler version using 'communicate' 

def terminate(self):
            """Close pipe and terminate child process.
            """
            self.close()
            super(Popen, self).terminate() 

def __init__(self, first, last=None):
        """'first' is a Popen object. 'last', if given, is another
        Popen object that is the end of the joints to 'first'.

        'write' operations send data to first's stdin and 'read'
        operations get data from last's stdout/stderr.
        """
        if not last:
            last = first
        self.first = first
        self.last = last
        if platform.system() == 'Windows':
            if not isinstance(first, Popen) or not isinstance(last, Popen):
                raise ValueError('argument must be asyncfile.Popen object')
            if first.stdin:
                self.stdin = first.stdin
            else:
                self.stdin = None
            if last.stdout:
                self.stdout = last.stdout
            else:
                self.stdout = None
            if last.stderr:
                self.stderr = last.stderr
            else:
                self.stderr = None
        else:
            if not isinstance(first, subprocess.Popen) or not isinstance(last, subprocess.Popen):
                raise ValueError('argument must be subprocess.Popen object')
            if first.stdin:
                self.stdin = AsyncFile(first.stdin)
            else:
                self.stdin = None
            if last.stdout:
                self.stdout = AsyncFile(last.stdout)
            else:
                self.stdout = None
            if last.stderr:
                self.stderr = AsyncFile(last.stderr)
            else:
                self.stderr = None 

def poll(self):
        """Similar to 'poll' of Popen.
        """
        if self.last:
            return self.last.poll()
        elif self.first:
            return self.first.poll() 

def execute(cmd, success_msg="", failure_msg="", exitcode=-1):
    """
    Generic wrapper to execute the CLI commands. Returns Output if success.
    On success it can print message in stdout if specified.
    On failure, exits after writing to stderr.
    """
    p = subprocess.Popen(cmd, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
    out, err = p.communicate()
    if p.returncode == 0:
        if success_msg:
            output_ok(success_msg)
        return out
    else:
        err_msg = err if err else out
        output_notok(failure_msg, err=err_msg, exitcode=exitcode) 

def get_glusterd_workdir():
    """
    Command to get Glusterd working dir. If failed returns the
    default directory /var/lib/glusterd
    """
    p = subprocess.Popen(["gluster", "system::", "getwd"],
                         stdout=subprocess.PIPE)

    out, _ = p.communicate()

    if p.returncode == 0:
        return out.strip()
    else:
        return DEFAULT_GLUSTERD_WORKDIR