Python shutil.copy() Examples

def copy_dependencies(f):
    config_path = '/etc/yangcatalog/yangcatalog.conf'
    config = ConfigParser.ConfigParser()
    config._interpolation = ConfigParser.ExtendedInterpolation()
    config.read(config_path)
    yang_models = config.get('Directory-Section', 'save-file-dir')
    tmp = config.get('Directory-Section', 'temp')
    out = f.getvalue()
    letters = string.ascii_letters
    suffix = ''.join(random.choice(letters) for i in range(8))
    dep_dir = '{}/yangvalidator-dependencies-{}'.format(tmp, suffix)
    os.mkdir(dep_dir)
    dependencies = out.split(':')[1].strip().split(' ')
    for dep in dependencies:
        for file in glob.glob(r'{}/{}*.yang'.format(yang_models, dep)):
            shutil.copy(file, dep_dir)
    return dep_dir 

def generateDatasetFiles(self):
        with open(os.path.join(self.datasetPath,'frameAnnotations.csv')) as csvfile:
            anotations_list = csvfile.readlines()
            # print(anotations_list)
            anotations_list.pop(0)
            for sample in anotations_list:
                sample = sample.split(';')
                # print(sample)
                self.labels.add(sample[1])
                self.generateXML(file=sample[0],
                    label=sample[1],
                    _bndbox={
                        "xmin": sample[2],
                        "ymin": sample[3],
                        "xmax": sample[4],
                        "ymax": sample[5]})
                shutil.copy(
                    os.path.join(self.datasetPath,sample[0]),
                    self.imgPath)
                self.FileSequence.append(sample[0])
        
                # break 

def open(self,database):
    """
    params:
        database: str. Database to be opered. The path should be included
    """
    assert(database[-4:]=='.mdo')
    if not os.path.exists(database):
        self._create(database)
    operate_db=database[:-4]+'.op'
    shutil.copy(database,operate_db)
#        engine=create_engine('sqlite:///:memory:')
    engine=create_engine('sqlite:///'+operate_db) #should be run in memory in the future
    Session=o.sessionmaker(bind=engine)
    self.session=Session()
    self.__operate_db=operate_db
    self.__storage_db=database 

def copy_iso(src, dst):
    """
    A simple wrapper for copying larger files. This is necessary as
    shutil copy files is much slower under Windows platform
    :param src: Path to source file
    :param dst: Destination directory
    :return:
    """
    if platform.system() == "Windows":
        # Note that xcopy asks if the target is a file or a directory when
        # source filename (or dest filename) contains space(s) and the target
        # does not exist.
        assert os.path.exists(dst)
        subprocess.call(['xcopy', '/Y', src, dst], shell=True)
    elif platform.system() == "Linux":
        shutil.copy(src, dst) 

def _prepare_simulation_subfolder(self, directory_strains):
		"""
		Create strain directory and copy templates and parameter file into it.

		@param directory_strains: Directory for the simulated strains
		@type directory_strains: str | unicode

		@return: Nothing
		@rtype: None
		"""
		if not os.path.exists(directory_strains):
			os.mkdir(directory_strains)
		for filename in self._directory_template_filenames:
			src = os.path.join(self._directory_template, filename)
			dst = os.path.join(directory_strains, filename)
			shutil.copy(src, dst) 

def __next__(self):
        self.count += 1
        img0 = self.imgs.copy()
        if cv2.waitKey(1) == ord('q'):  # q to quit
            cv2.destroyAllWindows()
            raise StopIteration

        # Letterbox
        img = [letterbox(x, new_shape=self.img_size, interp=cv2.INTER_LINEAR)[0] for x in img0]

        # Stack
        img = np.stack(img, 0)

        # Normalize RGB
        img = img[:, :, :, ::-1].transpose(0, 3, 1, 2)  # BGR to RGB
        img = np.ascontiguousarray(img, dtype=np.float16 if self.half else np.float32)  # uint8 to fp16/fp32
        img /= 255.0  # 0 - 255 to 0.0 - 1.0

        return self.sources, img, img0, None 

def GetBuildPackages(self):
    """Downloads the packages to be installed."""
    package_path = os.path.join(self.cwd, BUILD, 'Packages/')
    try:
      os.mkdir(package_path)
    except OSError:
      pass
    catalogs = [os.path.join(self.cwd, 'base%s_new.catalog' % self.os_version),
                os.path.join(self.cwd,
                             'thirdparty%s_new.catalog' % self.os_version)]

    for catalog in catalogs:
      f = open(catalog, 'r')
      packages = f.readlines()
      for line in packages:
        shutil.copy(os.path.join(TMPDIR, line.split()[0]),
                    os.path.join(package_path, line.split()[0])) 

def __init__(self, name=None, default_params={}):
        """name is going to be the generic name of the config folder

        e.g., /home/user/.config/<name>/<name>.cfg

        """
        if name is None:
            raise Exception("Name parameter must be provided")
        else:
            # use input parameters
            self.name = name
            self._default_params = copy.deepcopy(default_params)
            self.params = copy.deepcopy(default_params)

            # useful tool to handle XDG config file, path and parameters
            self.appdirs = appdirs.AppDirs(self.name)

            # useful tool to handle the config ini file
            self.config_parser = DynamicConfigParser()

            # Now, create the missing directories if needed
            self.init() # and read the user config file updating params if needed 

def compile_bundle_entry(self, spec, entry):
        """
        Handler for each entry for the bundle method of the compile
        process.  This copies the source file or directory into the
        build directory.
        """

        modname, source, target, modpath = entry
        bundled_modpath = {modname: modpath}
        bundled_target = {modname: target}
        export_module_name = []
        if isfile(source):
            export_module_name.append(modname)
            copy_target = join(spec[BUILD_DIR], target)
            if not exists(dirname(copy_target)):
                makedirs(dirname(copy_target))
            shutil.copy(source, copy_target)
        elif isdir(source):
            copy_target = join(spec[BUILD_DIR], modname)
            shutil.copytree(source, copy_target)

        return bundled_modpath, bundled_target, export_module_name 

def _ShareUpload(self, source_log: Text, share: Text):
    """Copy the log file to a network file share.

    Args:
      source_log: Path to the source log file to be copied.
      share: The destination share to copy the file to.

    Raises:
      LogCopyError: Failure to mount share and copy log.
    """
    creds = LogCopyCredentials()
    username = creds.GetUsername()
    password = creds.GetPassword()

    mapper = drive_map.DriveMap()
    result = mapper.MapDrive('l:', share, username, password)
    if result:
      destination = self._GetLogFileName()
      try:
        shutil.copy(source_log, destination)
      except shutil.Error:
        raise LogCopyError('Log copy failed.')
      mapper.UnmapDrive('l:')
    else:
      raise LogCopyError('Drive mapping failed.') 

def gen_bpg(in_images, out_dir, qs, first_n):
    if '*' not in in_images:
        in_images = os.path.join(in_images, '*.png')
    images = sorted(glob.glob(in_images))[:first_n]
    assert len(images) > 0, 'No matches for {}'.format(in_images)
    for img in images:
        if 'tmp' in img:
            print('Skipping {}'.format(img))
            continue
        shutil.copy(img, os.path.join(out_dir, os.path.basename(img).replace('.png', '_base.png')))
        print(os.path.basename(img))
        for q in qs:
            with remove_file_after(bpg_compress(img, q=q, tmp_dir=out_dir, chroma_fmt='422')) as p:
                bpp = bpp_of_bpg_image(p)
                out_png = decode_bpg_to_png(p)
                out_name = os.path.basename(img).replace('.png', '_{:.4f}.png'.format(bpp))
                out_p = os.path.join(out_dir, out_name)
                print('-> {:.3f}: {}'.format(bpp, out_name))
                os.rename(out_png, out_p) 

def main():
    p = argparse.ArgumentParser('Copy deterministic subset of images to another directory.')
    p.add_argument('root_dir')
    p.add_argument('max_imgs', type=int)
    p.add_argument('out_dir')
    p.add_argument('--dry')
    p.add_argument('--verbose', '-v', action='store_true')
    flags = p.parse_args()
    os.makedirs(flags.out_dir, exist_ok=True)

    t = Testset(flags.root_dir, flags.max_imgs)

    def cp(p1, p2):
        if os.path.isfile(p2):
            print('Exists, skipping: {}'.format(p2))
            return
        if flags.verbose:
            print('cp {} -> {}'.format(p1, p2))
        if not flags.dry:
            shutil.copy(p1, p2)

    for p in t.iter_orig_paths():
        cp(p, os.path.join(flags.out_dir, os.path.basename(p))) 

def process(self, p_in):
        fn, ext = os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(p_in))
        if fn in self.images_cleaned:
            return 1
        if fn in self.images_discarded:
            return 0
        try:
            im = Image.open(p_in)
        except OSError as e:
            print(f'\n*** Error while opening {p_in}: {e}')
            return 0
        im_out = random_resize_or_discard(im, self.min_res)
        if im_out is not None:
            p_out = join(self.out_dir_clean, fn + '.png')  # Make sure to use .png!
            im_out.save(p_out)
            return 1
        else:
            p_out = join(self.out_dir_discard, os.path.basename(p_in))
            shutil.copy(p_in, p_out)
            return 0 

def _check_kernel(self):
        """
        If this file contains a kernel version string, assume it is a kernel.
        Only Linux kernels are currently extracted.
        """
        if not self.get_kernel_status():
            for module in binwalk.scan(self.item, "-y", "kernel",
                                       signature=True, quiet=True):
                for entry in module.results:
                    if "kernel version" in entry.description:
                        self.update_database("kernel_version",
                                             entry.description)
                        if "Linux" in entry.description:
                            if self.get_kernel_path():
                                shutil.copy(self.item, self.get_kernel_path())
                            else:
                                self.extractor.do_kernel = False
                            self.printf(">>>> %s" % entry.description)
                            return True
                        # VxWorks, etc
                        else:
                            self.printf(">>>> Ignoring: %s" % entry.description)
                            return False
                return False
        return False 

def get_data():
    filenames = [os.path.splitext(f)[0] for f in glob.glob("original/*.jpg")]
    jpg_files = [s + ".jpg" for s in filenames]
    txt_files = [s + ".txt" for s in filenames]

    for file in txt_files:
        boxes = []
        with open(file, "r", encoding="utf-8", newline="") as lines:
            for line in csv.reader(lines):
                boxes.append([line[0], line[1], line[6], line[7]])
        with open('mlt/label/' + file.split('/')[1], "w+") as labelFile:
            wr = csv.writer(labelFile)
            wr.writerows(boxes)

    for jpg in jpg_files:
        shutil.copy(jpg, 'mlt/image/') 

def test_init_files_in_directories_retain_contents():
    """
    Test ensures the mmb_init function can rebuild a model leveraging saved results
    without reprocessing all samples every time
    """
    # Create model with a few samples

    resetTest()
    mmb = MaliciousMacroBot(benign_path, 
                            malicious_path, 
                            model_path, retain_sample_contents=True)
    result = mmb.mmb_init_model(modelRebuild=True)

    shutil.copy(origsample_path, os.path.join(malicious_path, sample))

    # Add a file and rebuild
    mmb = MaliciousMacroBot(benign_path, 
                            malicious_path, 
                            model_path, retain_sample_contents=True)
    result = mmb.mmb_init_model(modelRebuild=True)
    assert result 

def loadData():
    data_url = "data/multi-woz/data.json"
    dataset_url = "https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/1810/280608/MULTIWOZ2.zip?sequence=3&isAllowed=y"
    if not os.path.exists("data"):
        os.makedirs("data")
        os.makedirs("data/multi-woz")

    if not os.path.exists(data_url):
        print("Downloading and unzipping the MultiWOZ dataset")
        resp = urllib.urlopen(dataset_url)
        zip_ref = ZipFile(BytesIO(resp.read()))
        zip_ref.extractall("data/multi-woz")
        zip_ref.close()
        shutil.copy('data/multi-woz/MULTIWOZ2 2/data.json', 'data/multi-woz/')
        shutil.copy('data/multi-woz/MULTIWOZ2 2/valListFile.json', 'data/multi-woz/')
        shutil.copy('data/multi-woz/MULTIWOZ2 2/testListFile.json', 'data/multi-woz/')
        shutil.copy('data/multi-woz/MULTIWOZ2 2/dialogue_acts.json', 'data/multi-woz/') 

def setup_gmsh_options(force=False, silent=False):
    ''' Copies the gmsh_options file to the appropriate place '''
    if sys.platform in ['linux', 'darwin']:
        target = os.path.expanduser('~/.gmsh-options')
    else:
        target = os.path.join(os.getenv('APPDATA'), 'gmsh-options')

    silent = silent and GUI
    copy = True
    if os.path.isfile(target):
        if force:
            copy = True
        else:
            copy = _get_input(
                'Found a gmsh configuration file, do you whish to overwite it?',
                silent)

    if copy:
        gmsh_options_path = os.path.join(
            SIMNIBSDIR, 'resources', 'gmsh-options_simnibsdefault')
        _copy_and_log(gmsh_options_path, target) 

def draw_value_reward_score(self, img, value, reward, score):
    img = img.copy()
    # Average with 0.5 for semi-transparent background
    img[:14] = img[:14] * 0.5 + 0.25
    img[50:] = img[50:] * 0.5 + 0.25
    if self.cfg.gan == 'ls':
      red = -np.tanh(float(score) / 1) * 0.5 + 0.5
    else:
      red = -np.tanh(float(score) / 10.0) * 0.5 + 0.5
    top = '%+.2f %+.2f' % (value, reward)
    cv2.putText(img, top, (3, 7), cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX, 0.25,
                (1.0, 1.0 - red, 1.0 - red))
    score = '%+.3f' % score
    cv2.putText(img, score, (10, 60), cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX, 0.35,
                (1.0, 1.0 - red, 1.0 - red))
    return img 

def process(filename, id, src):
  pkl_fn = os.path.join(src, filename)
  debug_info_list = pickle.load(open(pkl_fn, 'rb'))
  filename = filename[:-10]
  target_dir = 'export/{}'.format(id)
  os.makedirs(target_dir, exist_ok=True)
  for i in range(NUM_STEPS - 1):
    shutil.copy(os.path.join(src, filename + '.intermediate%02d.png' % i),
                os.path.join(target_dir, 'step%d.png' % (i + 1)))

  shutil.copy(os.path.join(src, filename + '.retouched.png'), os.path.join(target_dir, 'final.png'))
  shutil.copy(os.path.join(src, filename + '.linear.png'), os.path.join(target_dir, 'input.png'))

  with open(target_dir + '/steps.tex', 'w') as f:
    for i in range(NUM_STEPS):
      debug_info = debug_info_list[i]
      print(
          visualize_step(debug_info, 'agent%d' % (i + 1), (4, i * -3)),
          end=' ',
          file=f) 

def evaluate():
  if len(sys.argv) < 4:
    print(
        "Usage: python3 evaluate.py [config suffix] [model name] [image files name1] [image files name2] ..."
    )
    exit(-1)
  if len(sys.argv) == 4:
    print(
        " Note: Process a single image at a time may be inefficient - try multiple inputs)"
    )
  print("(TODO: batch processing when images have the same resolution)")
  print()
  print("Initializing...")
  config_name = sys.argv[1]
  import shutil
  shutil.copy('models/%s/%s/scripts/config_%s.py' %
              (config_name, sys.argv[2], config_name), 'config_tmp.py')
  cfg = load_config('tmp')
  cfg.name = sys.argv[1] + '/' + sys.argv[2]
  net = GAN(cfg, restore=True)
  net.restore(20000)
  spec_files = sys.argv[3:]
  print('processing files {}', spec_files)
  net.eval(spec_files=spec_files, step_by_step=True) 

def test_all_op_types(monkeypatch, tmp_path):
    """Test all operation types.

    This test ensures KeyError does not occur when accessing mutations by type.
    The test command is fake, so all mutations will survive, but this is designed to
    ensure the cached mutations happen as intended, not for pytest assessment.
    """
    shutil.copy(HERE / "all_op_types.py", tmp_path)
    monkeypatch.chdir(tmp_path)

    cmds = ["mutatest", "-s", "all_op_types.py", "-t", "echo 'fake'", "-n", "500", "-m", "f"]
    subprocess.run(cmds, capture_output=False) 

def _add_ipynb(self):     

        if os.path.isdir(self._ipynb_path):

            self._logger.info("Adding the advanced mode IPython Notebook")
            shutil.copy("{0}/ipynb_templates/Advanced_Mode_master.ipynb".format(self._scrtip_path),"{0}/Advanced_Mode.ipynb".format(self._ipynb_path))

            self._logger.info("Adding threat investigation IPython Notebook")
            shutil.copy("{0}/ipynb_templates/Threat_Investigation_master.ipynb".format(self._scrtip_path),"{0}/Threat_Investigation.ipynb".format(self._ipynb_path))

        else:
            self._logger.error("There was a problem adding the IPython Notebooks, please check the directory exists.") 

def _add_ipynb(self):

        if os.path.isdir(self._ipynb_path):

            self._logger.info("Adding advanced mode IPython Notebook")
            shutil.copy("{0}/ipynb_templates/Advanced_Mode_master.ipynb".format(self._scrtip_path),"{0}/Advanced_Mode.ipynb".format(self._ipynb_path))

            self._logger.info("Adding threat investigation IPython Notebook")
            shutil.copy("{0}/ipynb_templates/Threat_Investigation_master.ipynb".format(self._scrtip_path),"{0}/Threat_Investigation.ipynb".format(self._ipynb_path))

        else:
            self._logger.error("There was a problem adding the IPython Notebooks, please check the directory exists.") 

def _add_ipynb(self):

        if os.path.isdir(self._ipynb_path):

            self._logger.info("Adding advanced mode IPython Notebook")
            shutil.copy("{0}/ipynb_templates/Advanced_Mode_master.ipynb".format(self._scrtip_path),"{0}/Advanced_Mode.ipynb".format(self._ipynb_path))

            self._logger.info("Adding threat investigation IPython Notebook")
            shutil.copy("{0}/ipynb_templates/Threat_Investigation_master.ipynb".format(self._scrtip_path),"{0}/Threat_Investigation.ipynb".format(self._ipynb_path))

        else:
            self._logger.error("There was a problem adding the IPython Notebooks, please check the directory exists.") 

def download(env):
    """A MNIST-like fashion product database.

Fashion-MNIST is a dataset of Zalando's article images—
consisting of a training set of 60,000 examples and a test set
of 10,000 examples. Each example is a 28x28 grayscale image,
associated with a label from 10 classes. We intend Fashion-MNIST
to serve as a direct drop-in replacement for the original MNIST
dataset for benchmarking machine learning algorithms. It shares
the same image size and structure of training and testing splits.

Authors:
  Han Xiao
  Kashif Rasul
  Roland Vollgraf

See also:
  Fashion-MNIST: a Novel Image Dataset for Benchmarking Machine
  Learning Algorithms. arXiv:1708.07747
  https://arxiv.org/abs/1708.07747

For more information visit:
https://github.com/zalandoresearch/fashion-mnist"""

    urls = ["http://fashion-mnist.s3-website.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/train-images-idx3-ubyte.gz",
            "http://fashion-mnist.s3-website.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/train-labels-idx1-ubyte.gz",
            "http://fashion-mnist.s3-website.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/t10k-images-idx3-ubyte.gz",
            "http://fashion-mnist.s3-website.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/t10k-labels-idx1-ubyte.gz"]

    samples_dir = env.get('base.samples_dir')
    print("Downloading fashion mnist to {}.".format(samples_dir))

    src_dir = download_files(urls, dir=env.get('base.cache_dir'))

    for file in ("train-images-idx3-ubyte.gz", "train-labels-idx1-ubyte.gz",
                 "t10k-images-idx3-ubyte.gz", "t10k-labels-idx1-ubyte.gz"):
        shutil.copy(os.path.join(src_dir, file), samples_dir)

    shutil.rmtree(src_dir)

    print("Finished downloading fashion mnist.") 

def download(env):
    """The Street View House Numbers (SVHN) Dataset.

SVHN is a real-world image dataset for developing machine 
learning and object recognition algorithms with minimal 
requirement on data preprocessing and formatting. It can be 
seen as similar in flavor to MNIST (e.g., the images are of 
small cropped digits), but incorporates an order of magnitude 
more labeled data (over 600,000 digit images) and comes from a 
significantly harder, unsolved, real world problem 
(recognizing digits and numbers in natural scene images). SVHN
 is obtained from house numbers in Google Street View images.



Authors:
  Yuval Netzer, Tao Wang, Adam Coates, Alessandro Bissacco, 
  Bo Wu, Andrew Y. Ng 
  Reading Digits in Natural Images with Unsupervised Feature 
  Learning NIPS Workshop on Deep Learning and Unsupervised 
  Feature Learning 2011. 

  http://ufldl.stanford.edu/housenumbers/nips2011_housenumbers.pdf

For more information visit: http://ufldl.stanford.edu/housenumbers/"""

    urls = ["http://ufldl.stanford.edu/housenumbers/train_32x32.mat",
            "http://ufldl.stanford.edu/housenumbers/test_32x32.mat"]

    samples_dir = env.get('base.samples_dir')
    print("Downloading SVHN to {}.".format(samples_dir))

    src_dir = download_files(urls, dir=env.get('base.cache_dir'))

    for file in ("train_32x32.mat", "test_32x32.mat", ):
        shutil.copy(os.path.join(src_dir, file), samples_dir)

    shutil.rmtree(src_dir)

    print("Finished downloading SVHN.") 

def download(env):
    """The MNIST database of handwritten digits.

The MNIST database of handwritten digits has a training set of
60,000 examples, and a test set of 10,000 examples. It is a
subset of a larger set available from NIST. The digits have been
size-normalized and centered in a fixed-size image.

It is a good database for people who want to try learning
techniques and pattern recognition methods on real-world data
while spending minimal efforts on preprocessing and formatting.

Authors:
  Yann LeCun, Courant Institute, NYU
  Corinna Cortes, Google Labs, New York
  Christopher J.C. Burges, Microsoft Research, Redmond

For more information visit:http://yann.lecun.com/exdb/mnist/"""

    urls = ["http://yann.lecun.com/exdb/mnist/train-images-idx3-ubyte.gz",
            "http://yann.lecun.com/exdb/mnist/train-labels-idx1-ubyte.gz",
            "http://yann.lecun.com/exdb/mnist/t10k-images-idx3-ubyte.gz",
            "http://yann.lecun.com/exdb/mnist/t10k-labels-idx1-ubyte.gz"]

    samples_dir = env.get('base.samples_dir')
    print("Downloading mnist to {}.".format(samples_dir))

    src_dir = download_files(urls, dir=env.get('base.cache_dir'))

    for file in ("train-images-idx3-ubyte.gz", "train-labels-idx1-ubyte.gz",
                 "t10k-images-idx3-ubyte.gz", "t10k-labels-idx1-ubyte.gz"):
        shutil.copy(os.path.join(src_dir, file), samples_dir)

    shutil.rmtree(src_dir)

    print("Finished downloading mnist.") 

def initialize():
    global config, parser
    from .util.printing import BOLD, RED, ENDC
    config = AegeaConfig(__name__, use_yaml=True, save_on_exit=False)
    if not os.path.exists(config.config_files[2]):
        config_dir = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(config.config_files[2]))
        try:
            os.makedirs(config_dir)
        except OSError as e:
            if not (e.errno == errno.EEXIST and os.path.isdir(config_dir)):
                raise
        shutil.copy(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "user_config.yml"), config.config_files[2])
        logger.info("Wrote new config file %s with default values", config.config_files[2])
        config = AegeaConfig(__name__, use_yaml=True, save_on_exit=False)

    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
        description="{}: {}".format(BOLD() + RED() + __name__.capitalize() + ENDC(), fill(__doc__.strip())),
        formatter_class=AegeaHelpFormatter
    )
    parser.add_argument("--version", action="version", version="%(prog)s {}\n{} {}\n{}".format(
        __version__,
        platform.python_implementation(),
        platform.python_version(),
        platform.platform()
    ))

    def help(args):
        parser.print_help()
    register_parser(help) 

def notify(title='', text='', sound=None):
    """Post notification via Notify.app helper.

    Args:
        title (str, optional): Notification title.
        text (str, optional): Notification body text.
        sound (str, optional): Name of sound to play.

    Raises:
        ValueError: Raised if both ``title`` and ``text`` are empty.

    Returns:
        bool: ``True`` if notification was posted, else ``False``.
    """
    if title == text == '':
        raise ValueError('Empty notification')

    sound = validate_sound(sound) or ''

    n = notifier_program()

    if not os.path.exists(n):
        install_notifier()

    env = os.environ.copy()
    enc = 'utf-8'
    env['NOTIFY_TITLE'] = title.encode(enc)
    env['NOTIFY_MESSAGE'] =  text.encode(enc)
    env['NOTIFY_SOUND'] = sound.encode(enc)
    cmd = [n]
    retcode = subprocess.call(cmd, env=env)
    if retcode == 0:
        return True

    log().error('Notify.app exited with status {0}.'.format(retcode))
    return False