Python sys._getframe() Examples

def Menu():
    try:
        #??
        pdhk=win32gui.GetWindowRect(win32gui.FindWindowEx(win32gui.FindWindow('TdxW_MainFrame_Class','???????V7.35 - [???-?????]'),None,'#32770',None))
        win32api.SetCursorPos([pdhk[0]+330,pdhk[1]+10])
        time.sleep(1)
        win32api.mouse_event(win32con.MOUSEEVENTF_LEFTDOWN,0,0,0,0)
        time.sleep(1)
        win32api.mouse_event(win32con.MOUSEEVENTF_LEFTUP,0,0,0,0)
        time.sleep(1)
        #?????
        win32api.SetCursorPos([pdhk[0]+380,pdhk[1]+20+480])
        time.sleep(1)
        win32api.mouse_event(win32con.MOUSEEVENTF_LEFTDOWN,0,0,0,0)
        time.sleep(1)
        win32api.mouse_event(win32con.MOUSEEVENTF_LEFTUP,0,0,0,0)
        time.sleep(1)
    except Exception as e:
        ReadEBK.wx_msg(corp_id, secret,agentid,sys._getframe().f_code.co_name+'\t'+str(e))
        
#???????->????? 

def Free_quotation():
    time.sleep(3)
    try:
        Tab_handle = win32gui.FindWindowEx(win32gui.FindWindow('#32770','???????V7.35'),None,'SysTabControl32','Tab1')
        #print(hex(Tab_handle))
        #time.sleep(1)
        p=win32gui.GetWindowRect(Tab_handle)
        #print(p)
        #print(p[2])
        #print(p[3])
        win32api.SetCursorPos([p[0]+170,p[1]+7])
        time.sleep(1)
        win32api.mouse_event(win32con.MOUSEEVENTF_LEFTDOWN,0,0,0,0)
        time.sleep(1)
        win32api.mouse_event(win32con.MOUSEEVENTF_LEFTUP,0,0,0,0)
        time.sleep(1)
        win32gui.PostMessage(win32gui.FindWindowEx(win32gui.FindWindow('#32770','???????V7.35'),None,'Button','??'),win32con.BM_CLICK,0,0)
        time.sleep(3)
    except Exception as e:
        ReadEBK.wx_msg(corp_id, secret,agentid,sys._getframe().f_code.co_name+'\t'+str(e))

#????? 

def Stock_option(Index):
    try:
        #tjxg = win32gui.FindWindow('#32770','????')
        gs = win32gui.FindWindowEx(win32gui.FindWindow('#32770','????'),None,'ComboBox',None)
        #time.sleep(1)
        print(hex(gs))
        win32gui.SendMessage(gs,win32con.CB_SHOWDROPDOWN,1,0)  #??ComboBox???
        time.sleep(1)
        win32gui.SendMessage(gs,win32con.CB_SETCURSEL,Index,0)#???????
        time.sleep(1)
        win32gui.SendMessage(gs,win32con.WM_SETFOCUS,0,0)#????
        time.sleep(1)
        win32gui.SendMessage(gs,win32con.WM_KEYDOWN,0,0)#???????
        time.sleep(1)
        win32gui.SendMessage(gs,win32con.WM_KEYUP,0,0) 
        time.sleep(1)
    except Exception as e:
        ReadEBK.wx_msg(corp_id, secret,agentid,sys._getframe().f_code.co_name+'\t'+str(e))
#???? 

def find_dotenv(filename='.env', raise_error_if_not_found=False, usecwd=False):
    """
    Search in increasingly higher folders for the given file

    Returns path to the file if found, or an empty string otherwise
    """
    if usecwd or '__file__' not in globals():
        # should work without __file__, e.g. in REPL or IPython notebook
        path = os.getcwd()
    else:
        # will work for .py files
        frame_filename = sys._getframe().f_back.f_code.co_filename
        path = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(frame_filename))

    for dirname in _walk_to_root(path):
        check_path = os.path.join(dirname, filename)
        if os.path.exists(check_path):
            return check_path

    if raise_error_if_not_found:
        raise IOError('File not found')

    return '' 

def find_dotenv(filename='.env', raise_error_if_not_found=False, usecwd=False):
    """
    Search in increasingly higher folders for the given file

    Returns path to the file if found, or an empty string otherwise
    """
    if usecwd or '__file__' not in globals():
        # should work without __file__, e.g. in REPL or IPython notebook
        path = os.getcwd()
    else:
        # will work for .py files
        frame_filename = sys._getframe().f_back.f_code.co_filename
        path = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(frame_filename))

    for dirname in _walk_to_root(path):
        check_path = os.path.join(dirname, filename)
        if os.path.exists(check_path):
            return check_path

    if raise_error_if_not_found:
        raise IOError('File not found')

    return '' 

def eval_template(template, cmd):
    cmdname = cmd.__name__
    classname = to_classname(cmd.__name__)
    # Use the same technic as namedtuple
    class_definition = template.format(
        cmdname = cmdname,
        docstring = cmd.__doc__ if cmd.__doc__ is not None else '',
        classname = classname
    )
    namespace = dict(__name__='template_%s' % cmdname)
    exec(class_definition, namespace)
    result = namespace[classname]
    result.cmd = cmd
    result._source = class_definition
    try:
        result.__module__ = sys._getframe(1).f_globals.get(
            '__name__', '__main__')
    except (AttributeError, ValueError):
        pass
    return result 

def set_continue(self):
        # Don't stop except at breakpoints or when finished
        self._set_stopinfo(self.botframe, None, -1)
        if not self.breaks:
            # no breakpoints; run without debugger overhead
            sys.settrace(None)
            frame = sys._getframe().f_back
            while frame and frame is not self.botframe:
                del frame.f_trace
                frame = frame.f_back 

def format(self, rec):
		frame = sys._getframe()
		while frame:
			func = frame.f_code.co_name
			if func == 'exec_command':
				cmd = frame.f_locals['cmd']
				if isinstance(cmd, list) and ('gcc' in cmd[0] or 'g++' in cmd[0]):
					lines = []
					for line in rec.msg.splitlines():
						if 'warning: ' in line:
							lines.append(self.colors.YELLOW + line)
						elif 'error: ' in line:
							lines.append(self.colors.RED + line)
						elif 'note: ' in line:
							lines.append(self.colors.CYAN + line)
						else:
							lines.append(line)
					rec.msg = "\n".join(lines)
			frame = frame.f_back
		return Logs.formatter.format(self, rec) 

def format(self, rec):
		frame = sys._getframe()
		while frame:
			func = frame.f_code.co_name
			if func == 'exec_command':
				cmd = frame.f_locals['cmd']
				if isinstance(cmd, list) and ('armcc' in cmd[0] or 'armld' in cmd[0]):
					lines = []
					for line in rec.msg.splitlines():
						if 'Warning: ' in line:
							lines.append(self.colors.YELLOW + line)
						elif 'Error: ' in line:
							lines.append(self.colors.RED + line)
							errors.append(line)
						elif 'note: ' in line:
							lines.append(self.colors.CYAN + line)
						else:
							lines.append(line)
					rec.msg = "\n".join(lines)
			frame = frame.f_back
		return Logs.formatter.format(self, rec) 

def format(self, rec):
		frame = sys._getframe()
		while frame:
			func = frame.f_code.co_name
			if func == 'exec_command':
				cmd = frame.f_locals['cmd']
				if isinstance(cmd, list) and ('gcc' in cmd[0] or 'g++' in cmd[0]):
					lines = []
					for line in rec.msg.splitlines():
						if 'warning: ' in line:
							lines.append(self.colors.YELLOW + line)
						elif 'error: ' in line:
							lines.append(self.colors.RED + line)
						elif 'note: ' in line:
							lines.append(self.colors.CYAN + line)
						else:
							lines.append(line)
					rec.msg = "\n".join(lines)
			frame = frame.f_back
		return Logs.formatter.format(self, rec) 

def format(self, rec):
		frame = sys._getframe()
		while frame:
			func = frame.f_code.co_name
			if func == 'exec_command':
				cmd = frame.f_locals['cmd']
				if isinstance(cmd, list) and ('armcc' in cmd[0] or 'armld' in cmd[0]):
					lines = []
					for line in rec.msg.splitlines():
						if 'Warning: ' in line:
							lines.append(self.colors.YELLOW + line)
						elif 'Error: ' in line:
							lines.append(self.colors.RED + line)
							errors.append(line)
						elif 'note: ' in line:
							lines.append(self.colors.CYAN + line)
						else:
							lines.append(line)
					rec.msg = "\n".join(lines)
			frame = frame.f_back
		return Logs.formatter.format(self, rec) 

def format(self, rec):
		frame = sys._getframe()
		while frame:
			func = frame.f_code.co_name
			if func == 'exec_command':
				cmd = frame.f_locals['cmd']
				if isinstance(cmd, list) and ('gcc' in cmd[0] or 'g++' in cmd[0]):
					lines = []
					for line in rec.msg.splitlines():
						if 'warning: ' in line:
							lines.append(self.colors.YELLOW + line)
						elif 'error: ' in line:
							lines.append(self.colors.RED + line)
						elif 'note: ' in line:
							lines.append(self.colors.CYAN + line)
						else:
							lines.append(line)
					rec.msg = "\n".join(lines)
			frame = frame.f_back
		return Logs.formatter.format(self, rec) 

def render_string(self, template_name, **kwargs):
        """Generate the given template with the given arguments.

        We return the generated byte string (in utf8). To generate and
        write a template as a response, use render() above.
        """
        # If no template_path is specified, use the path of the calling file
        template_path = self.get_template_path()
        if not template_path:
            frame = sys._getframe(0)
            web_file = frame.f_code.co_filename
            while frame.f_code.co_filename == web_file:
                frame = frame.f_back
            template_path = os.path.dirname(frame.f_code.co_filename)
        with RequestHandler._template_loader_lock:
            if template_path not in RequestHandler._template_loaders:
                loader = self.create_template_loader(template_path)
                RequestHandler._template_loaders[template_path] = loader
            else:
                loader = RequestHandler._template_loaders[template_path]
        t = loader.load(template_name)
        namespace = self.get_template_namespace()
        namespace.update(kwargs)
        return t.generate(**namespace) 

def render_string(self, template_name, **kwargs):
        """Generate the given template with the given arguments.

        We return the generated byte string (in utf8). To generate and
        write a template as a response, use render() above.
        """
        # If no template_path is specified, use the path of the calling file
        template_path = self.get_template_path()
        if not template_path:
            frame = sys._getframe(0)
            web_file = frame.f_code.co_filename
            while frame.f_code.co_filename == web_file:
                frame = frame.f_back
            template_path = os.path.dirname(frame.f_code.co_filename)
        with RequestHandler._template_loader_lock:
            if template_path not in RequestHandler._template_loaders:
                loader = self.create_template_loader(template_path)
                RequestHandler._template_loaders[template_path] = loader
            else:
                loader = RequestHandler._template_loaders[template_path]
        t = loader.load(template_name)
        namespace = self.get_template_namespace()
        namespace.update(kwargs)
        return t.generate(**namespace) 

def render_string(self, template_name, **kwargs):
        """Generate the given template with the given arguments.

        We return the generated byte string (in utf8). To generate and
        write a template as a response, use render() above.
        """
        # If no template_path is specified, use the path of the calling file
        template_path = self.get_template_path()
        if not template_path:
            frame = sys._getframe(0)
            web_file = frame.f_code.co_filename
            while frame.f_code.co_filename == web_file:
                frame = frame.f_back
            template_path = os.path.dirname(frame.f_code.co_filename)
        with RequestHandler._template_loader_lock:
            if template_path not in RequestHandler._template_loaders:
                loader = self.create_template_loader(template_path)
                RequestHandler._template_loaders[template_path] = loader
            else:
                loader = RequestHandler._template_loaders[template_path]
        t = loader.load(template_name)
        namespace = self.get_template_namespace()
        namespace.update(kwargs)
        return t.generate(**namespace) 

def add_network_methods(target):
    '''
    Attach extension methods to an object that represents a Veneer network.
    Note: The 'network_' prefix will be removed from method names.

    target: Veneer network object to attach extension methods to.
    '''
    import veneer.extensions as extensions # Import self to inspect available functions

    # Generate dict of {function name: function}, skipping this function
    this_func_name = sys._getframe().f_code.co_name
    funcs = inspect.getmembers(extensions, inspect.isfunction)
    funcs = dict((func_name, func) for func_name, func in funcs
                  if func_name != this_func_name
            )

    # Assign functions to target, removing the 'network_' prefix
    for f_name, f in funcs.items():
        if f_name.startswith('network_'):
            f_name = f_name.replace('network_', '')
        setattr(target, f_name, MethodType(f, target)) 

def get_local_vars(source, namespace):

    # local_vars = sys._getframe(depth).f_locals

    local_vars_names = set(namespace.keys())

    root = ast.parse(source)

    required_vars_names = set()
    for node in ast.walk(root):
        if isinstance(node, ast.Name):
            required_vars_names.add(node.id)

    builtin_vars_names = set(vars(builtins).keys())

    required_local_vars = required_vars_names & local_vars_names

    # we might want to add a compiler-ish thing in the future 

    params = {}
    for v in required_local_vars:
        params[v] = namespace[v]

    return params 

def search(func, depth=1):
    local_vars = sys._getframe(depth).f_locals
    source = get_source_code(func)
    tree = ast.parse(source)
    child_funcs = []
    for node in ast.walk(tree):
        if isinstance(node, ast.Call):
            if isinstance(node.func, ast.Name):
                child_funcs.append(node.func.id)
        elif (isinstance(node, ast.Name) and node.id in local_vars and callable(local_vars[node.id]) and node.id not in sys.builtin_module_names):
            child_funcs.append(node.id)

    child_load_str = ''
    for child in child_funcs:
        if child in local_vars:
            try:
                load_string = search(local_vars[child], depth=(depth + 1))
                child_load_str += load_string + '\n'
            except Exception as e:
                pass
            
    load_str = child_load_str + source
    return load_str 

def Save():
    try:
        win32gui.PostMessage(win32gui.FindWindowEx(win32gui.FindWindow('#32770','???'),None,'Button','??(&S)'),win32con.BM_CLICK,0,0)
        time.sleep(1)
        global handle
        handle = None
        win32gui.EnumChildWindows(win32gui.FindWindow('#32770','?????'),handle_window,'?(&Y)')
        if handle!= None:
            win32gui.PostMessage(handle,win32con.BM_CLICK,0,0)
        time.sleep(3)
    except Exception as e:
        ReadEBK.wx_msg(corp_id, secret,agentid,sys._getframe().f_code.co_name+'\t'+str(e)) 

def _apiwarn(startversion, msg, stacklevel=2, function=None):
    # below is mostly COPIED from python2.4/warnings.py's def warn()
    # Get context information
    if isinstance(stacklevel, str):
        frame = sys._getframe(1)
        level = 1
        found = frame.f_code.co_filename.find(stacklevel) != -1
        while frame:
            co = frame.f_code
            if co.co_filename.find(stacklevel) == -1:
                if found:
                    stacklevel = level
                    break
            else:
                found = True
            level += 1
            frame = frame.f_back
        else:
            stacklevel = 1
    msg = "%s (since version %s)" %(msg, startversion)
    warn(msg, stacklevel=stacklevel+1, function=function) 

def set_trace(addr=DEFAULT_ADDR, port=DEFAULT_PORT):
    """
    Set a trace point using the remote debugger
    """
    atexit.register(close_port, port)
    try:
        log("Starting a remote python debugger session on %s:%s" % (addr,
                                                                    port))
        open_port(port)
        debugger = Rpdb(addr=addr, port=port)
        debugger.set_trace(sys._getframe().f_back)
    except:
        _error("Cannot start a remote debug session on %s:%s" % (addr,
                                                                 port)) 

def exec_(_code_, _globs_=None, _locs_=None):
        """Execute code in a namespace."""
        if _globs_ is None:
            frame = sys._getframe(1)
            _globs_ = frame.f_globals
            if _locs_ is None:
                _locs_ = frame.f_locals
            del frame
        elif _locs_ is None:
            _locs_ = _globs_
        exec("""exec _code_ in _globs_, _locs_""") 

def run_script(dist_spec, script_name):
    """Locate distribution `dist_spec` and run its `script_name` script"""
    ns = sys._getframe(1).f_globals
    name = ns['__name__']
    ns.clear()
    ns['__name__'] = name
    require(dist_spec)[0].run_script(script_name, ns)


# backward compatibility 

def run_script(self, requires, script_name):
        """Locate distribution for `requires` and run `script_name` script"""
        ns = sys._getframe(1).f_globals
        name = ns['__name__']
        ns.clear()
        ns['__name__'] = name
        self.require(requires)[0].run_script(script_name, ns) 

def issue_warning(*args, **kw):
    level = 1
    g = globals()
    try:
        # find the first stack frame that is *not* code in
        # the pkg_resources module, to use for the warning
        while sys._getframe(level).f_globals is g:
            level += 1
    except ValueError:
        pass
    warnings.warn(stacklevel=level + 1, *args, **kw) 

def exec_(_code_, _globs_=None, _locs_=None):
        """Execute code in a namespace."""
        if _globs_ is None:
            frame = sys._getframe(1)
            _globs_ = frame.f_globals
            if _locs_ is None:
                _locs_ = frame.f_locals
            del frame
        elif _locs_ is None:
            _locs_ = _globs_
        exec("""exec _code_ in _globs_, _locs_""") 

def run_script(dist_spec, script_name):
    """Locate distribution `dist_spec` and run its `script_name` script"""
    ns = sys._getframe(1).f_globals
    name = ns['__name__']
    ns.clear()
    ns['__name__'] = name
    require(dist_spec)[0].run_script(script_name, ns)


# backward compatibility 

def run_script(self, requires, script_name):
        """Locate distribution for `requires` and run `script_name` script"""
        ns = sys._getframe(1).f_globals
        name = ns['__name__']
        ns.clear()
        ns['__name__'] = name
        self.require(requires)[0].run_script(script_name, ns) 

def issue_warning(*args, **kw):
    level = 1
    g = globals()
    try:
        # find the first stack frame that is *not* code in
        # the pkg_resources module, to use for the warning
        while sys._getframe(level).f_globals is g:
            level += 1
    except ValueError:
        pass
    warnings.warn(stacklevel=level + 1, *args, **kw) 

def __repr__(self):
        f = sys._getframe(2)

        if f.f_code.co_name == "repr_":
            return "<SECRET>"
        else:
            return str.__repr__(self) 

def exec_(_code_, _globs_=None, _locs_=None):
        """Execute code in a namespace."""
        if _globs_ is None:
            frame = sys._getframe(1)
            _globs_ = frame.f_globals
            if _locs_ is None:
                _locs_ = frame.f_locals
            del frame
        elif _locs_ is None:
            _locs_ = _globs_
        exec("""exec _code_ in _globs_, _locs_""") 

def exec_(_code_, _globs_=None, _locs_=None):
        """Execute code in a namespace."""
        if _globs_ is None:
            frame = sys._getframe(1)
            _globs_ = frame.f_globals
            if _locs_ is None:
                _locs_ = frame.f_locals
            del frame
        elif _locs_ is None:
            _locs_ = _globs_
        exec("""exec _code_ in _globs_, _locs_""") 

def run_script(dist_spec, script_name):
    """Locate distribution `dist_spec` and run its `script_name` script"""
    ns = sys._getframe(1).f_globals
    name = ns['__name__']
    ns.clear()
    ns['__name__'] = name
    require(dist_spec)[0].run_script(script_name, ns)


# backward compatibility 

def run_script(self, requires, script_name):
        """Locate distribution for `requires` and run `script_name` script"""
        ns = sys._getframe(1).f_globals
        name = ns['__name__']
        ns.clear()
        ns['__name__'] = name
        self.require(requires)[0].run_script(script_name, ns) 

def issue_warning(*args, **kw):
    level = 1
    g = globals()
    try:
        # find the first stack frame that is *not* code in
        # the pkg_resources module, to use for the warning
        while sys._getframe(level).f_globals is g:
            level += 1
    except ValueError:
        pass
    warnings.warn(stacklevel=level + 1, *args, **kw) 

def exec_(_code_, _globs_=None, _locs_=None):
        """Execute code in a namespace."""
        if _globs_ is None:
            frame = sys._getframe(1)
            _globs_ = frame.f_globals
            if _locs_ is None:
                _locs_ = frame.f_locals
            del frame
        elif _locs_ is None:
            _locs_ = _globs_
        exec("""exec _code_ in _globs_, _locs_""") 

def run_script(dist_spec, script_name):
    """Locate distribution `dist_spec` and run its `script_name` script"""
    ns = sys._getframe(1).f_globals
    name = ns['__name__']
    ns.clear()
    ns['__name__'] = name
    require(dist_spec)[0].run_script(script_name, ns)


# backward compatibility 

def run_script(self, requires, script_name):
        """Locate distribution for `requires` and run `script_name` script"""
        ns = sys._getframe(1).f_globals
        name = ns['__name__']
        ns.clear()
        ns['__name__'] = name
        self.require(requires)[0].run_script(script_name, ns) 

def issue_warning(*args, **kw):
    level = 1
    g = globals()
    try:
        # find the first stack frame that is *not* code in
        # the pkg_resources module, to use for the warning
        while sys._getframe(level).f_globals is g:
            level += 1
    except ValueError:
        pass
    warnings.warn(stacklevel=level + 1, *args, **kw) 

def set_trace(addr=DEFAULT_ADDR, port=DEFAULT_PORT):
    """
    Set a trace point using the remote debugger
    """
    atexit.register(close_port, port)
    try:
        log("Starting a remote python debugger session on %s:%s" % (addr,
                                                                    port))
        open_port(port)
        debugger = Rpdb(addr=addr, port=port)
        debugger.set_trace(sys._getframe().f_back)
    except Exception:
        _error("Cannot start a remote debug session on %s:%s" % (addr,
                                                                 port)) 

def _get_caller():
    return sys._getframe(2).f_code 

def set_trace():
    Pdb().set_trace(sys._getframe().f_back)

# Post-Mortem interface 

def warn(message, category=None, stacklevel=1):
    """Issue a warning, or maybe ignore it or raise an exception."""
    # Check if message is already a Warning object
    if isinstance(message, Warning):
        category = message.__class__
    # Check category argument
    if category is None:
        category = UserWarning
    assert issubclass(category, Warning)
    # Get context information
    try:
        caller = sys._getframe(stacklevel)
    except ValueError:
        globals = sys.__dict__
        lineno = 1
    else:
        globals = caller.f_globals
        lineno = caller.f_lineno
    if '__name__' in globals:
        module = globals['__name__']
    else:
        module = "<string>"
    filename = globals.get('__file__')
    if filename:
        fnl = filename.lower()
        if fnl.endswith((".pyc", ".pyo")):
            filename = filename[:-1]
    else:
        if module == "__main__":
            try:
                filename = sys.argv[0]
            except AttributeError:
                # embedded interpreters don't have sys.argv, see bug #839151
                filename = '__main__'
        if not filename:
            filename = module
    registry = globals.setdefault("__warningregistry__", {})
    warn_explicit(message, category, filename, lineno, module, registry,
                  globals) 

def set_trace(self, frame=None):
        """Start debugging from `frame`.

        If frame is not specified, debugging starts from caller's frame.
        """
        if frame is None:
            frame = sys._getframe().f_back
        self.reset()
        while frame:
            frame.f_trace = self.trace_dispatch
            self.botframe = frame
            frame = frame.f_back
        self.set_step()
        sys.settrace(self.trace_dispatch) 

def stack(context=1):
    """Return a list of records for the stack above the caller's frame."""
    return getouterframes(sys._getframe(1), context) 

def set_trace(self, frame=None):
        self.__debugger_used = True
        if frame is None:
            frame = sys._getframe().f_back
        pdb.Pdb.set_trace(self, frame) 

def exec_(_code_, _globs_=None, _locs_=None):
        """Execute code in a namespace."""
        if _globs_ is None:
            frame = sys._getframe(1)
            _globs_ = frame.f_globals
            if _locs_ is None:
                _locs_ = frame.f_locals
            del frame
        elif _locs_ is None:
            _locs_ = _globs_
        exec ("""exec _code_ in _globs_, _locs_""") 

def exec_(_code_, _globs_=None, _locs_=None):
        """Execute code in a namespace."""
        if _globs_ is None:
            frame = sys._getframe(1)
            _globs_ = frame.f_globals
            if _locs_ is None:
                _locs_ = frame.f_locals
            del frame
        elif _locs_ is None:
            _locs_ = _globs_
        exec("""exec _code_ in _globs_, _locs_""") 

def _gatherTestCasesFromCallerByMagic():
	# UGLY magic: fetch TestClass subclasses from the globals of our
	# caller's caller.
	frame = sys._getframe(2)
	return _gatherTestCasesFromDict(frame.f_globals) 

def exec_(_code_, _globs_=None, _locs_=None):
        """Execute code in a namespace."""
        if _globs_ is None:
            frame = sys._getframe(1)
            _globs_ = frame.f_globals
            if _locs_ is None:
                _locs_ = frame.f_locals
            del frame
        elif _locs_ is None:
            _locs_ = _globs_
        exec("""exec _code_ in _globs_, _locs_""")