How Static Type Checking Works in Java?

From Wiki:

Static type-checking is the process of verifying the type safety of a program based on analysis of a program's source code.

Dynamic type-checking is the process of verifying the type safety of a program at runtime

Java uses static type checking to analyze the program during compile-time to prove the absence of type errors. The basic idea is never let bad things happen at runtime. By understanding the following example, you should have a good understanding of how static type checking works in Java.

Code Example

Suppose we have the following classes, A and B. B extends A.

class A {
	A me() {
		return this;
	}
 
	public void doA() {
		System.out.println("Do A");
	}
}
 
class B extends A {
	public void doB() {
		System.out.println("Do B");
	}
}

First of all, what does "new B().me()" return? An A object or a B object?

The me() method is declared to return an A, so during compile time, compiler only sees it return an A object. However, it actually returns a B object during run-time, since B inherits A's methods and return this(itself).

How Static Type Checking Works?

The following line will be illegal, even though the object is being invoked on is a B object. The problem is that its reference type is A. Compiler doesn't know its real type during compile-time, so it sees the object as type A.

//illegal
new B().me().doB();

So only the following method can be invoked.

//legal
new B().me().doA();

However, we can cast the object to type B, like the following:

//legal
((B) new B().me()).doB();

If the following C class is added,

class C extends A{
	public void doBad() {
		System.out.println("Do C");
	}
}

then the following statement is legal and can pass static type checking:

//legal
((C) new B().me()).beBad();

Compiler does not know it's real time, but runtime will throw a cast exception since B can not be casted to C:

 java.lang.ClassCastException: B cannot be cast to C

References:
1. Type system