Python hashlib.md5() Examples

def render_navtree(navtree_data, node_template=None, load=False):
    load = load and 'true' or 'false'
    if node_template is None:
        node_template = '''<a href="{{href}}">{{title}}</a>'''

    m = md5()
    m.update(node_template + str(random.randrange(0, 100)))
    template_md5 = m.hexdigest()
    return '''<div id="nav_%(md5)s" class="navtree" kssattr:templ="templ_%(md5)s">
                  <script type="text/javascript">
                      var templ_%(md5)s = Handlebars.compile('%(template)s');
                      $('#nav_%(md5)s').html(render_navtree(%(json)s, templ_%(md5)s, %(load)s));
                  </script>
              </div>
           ''' % {'md5': template_md5,
                  'template': node_template.replace('\'', '\\\'').replace('\n', r'\n').replace('\r', r'\r'),
                  'json': json.dumps(navtree_data),
                  'load': load,
                  } 

def userTwo(hash, tipo, user):
    global word
    
    try:
        f = open(options.wl)
        for pwd in f.readlines():
            pwd = pwd.strip()
            if(tipo == 0):
                d = hashlib.md5(options.salt+hashlib.md5(pwd).hexdigest()+user).hexdigest()
            else:
                d = hashlib.sha1(options.salt+hashlib.sha1(pwd).hexdigest()+user).hexdigest()
                
            if(d == hash):
                print word+"(salt+"+ word +"(pass)+user)\t[+] Senha encontrada: "+pwd
                return
        print word+"(salt+"+ word +"(pass)+user)\t[-] Senha nao encontrada! :-("
    except IOError:
        print "Nao foi possivel abrir sua wordlist, tente novamente."
    except Exception as e:
        print "Erro: "+str(e) 

def userOne(hash, tipo, user):
    global word
    
    try:
        f = open(options.wl)
        for pwd in f.readlines():
            pwd = pwd.strip()
            if(tipo == 0):
                d = hashlib.md5(options.salt+pwd+user).hexdigest()
            else:
                d = hashlib.sha1(options.salt+pwd+user).hexdigest()
                
            if(d == hash):
                print word+"(salt+pass+user)\t\t[+] Senha encontrada: "+pwd
                return
        print word+"(salt+pass+user)\t\t[-] Senha nao encontrada! :-("
    except IOError:
        print "Nao foi possivel abrir sua wordlist, tente novamente."
    except Exception as e:
        print "Erro: "+str(e)

#With Salt 

def saltNine(hash, tipo):
    global word
    
    try:
        f = open(options.wl)
        for pwd in f.readlines():
            pwd = pwd.strip()
            if(tipo == 0):
                d = hashlib.md5(options.salt+hashlib.md5(hashlib.md5(pwd).hexdigest()+options.salt).hexdigest()).hexdigest()
            else:
                d = hashlib.sha1(options.salt+hashlib.sha1(hashlib.sha1(pwd).hexdigest()+options.salt).hexdigest()).hexdigest()
                
            if(d == hash):
                print word+"(salt+"+ word +"("+ word +"(pass)+salt))\t[+] Senha encontrada: "+pwd
                return
        print word+"(salt+"+ word +"("+ word +"(pass)+salt))\t[-] Senha nao encontrada! :-("
    except IOError:
        print "Nao foi possivel abrir sua wordlist, tente novamente."
    except Exception as e:
        print "Erro: "+str(e) 

def saltEight(hash, tipo):
    global word
    
    try:
        f = open(options.wl)
        for pwd in f.readlines():
            pwd = pwd.strip()
            if(tipo == 0):
                d = hashlib.md5(options.salt+hashlib.md5(options.salt+pwd).hexdigest()).hexdigest()
            else:
                d = hashlib.sha1(options.salt+hashlib.sha1(options.salt+pwd).hexdigest()).hexdigest()
                
            if(d == hash):
                print word+"(salt+"+ word +"(salt+pass))\t[+] Senha encontrada: "+pwd
                return
        print word+"(salt+"+ word +"(salt+pass))\t[-] Senha nao encontrada! :-("
    except IOError:
        print "Nao foi possivel abrir sua wordlist, tente novamente."
    except Exception as e:
        print "Erro: "+str(e) 

def saltSeven(hash, tipo):
    global word
    
    try:
        f = open(options.wl)
        for pwd in f.readlines():
            pwd = pwd.strip()
            if(tipo == 0):
                d = hashlib.md5(options.salt+hashlib.md5(pwd+options.salt).hexdigest()).hexdigest()
            else:
                d = hashlib.sha1(options.salt+hashlib.sha1(pwd+options.salt).hexdigest()).hexdigest()
                
            if(d == hash):
                print word+"(salt+"+ word +"(pass+salt))\t[+] Senha encontrada: "+pwd
                return
        print word+"(salt+"+ word +"(pass+salt))\t[-] Senha nao encontrada! :-("
    except IOError:
        print "Nao foi possivel abrir sua wordlist, tente novamente."
    except Exception as e:
        print "Erro: "+str(e) 

def saltFive(hash, tipo):
    global word
    
    try:
        f = open(options.wl)
        for pwd in f.readlines():
            pwd = pwd.strip()
            if(tipo == 0):
                d = hashlib.md5(options.salt+hashlib.md5(pwd).hexdigest()).hexdigest()
            else:
                d = hashlib.sha1(options.salt+hashlib.sha1(pwd).hexdigest()).hexdigest()
                
            if(d == hash):
                print word+"(salt+"+ word +"(pass))\t\t[+] Senha encontrada: "+pwd
                return
        print word+"(salt+"+ word +"(pass))\t\t[-] Senha nao encontrada! :-("
    except IOError:
        print "Nao foi possivel abrir sua wordlist, tente novamente."
    except Exception as e:
        print "Erro: "+str(e) 

def saltFour(hash, tipo):
    global word
    try:
        f = open(options.wl)
        for pwd in f.readlines():
            pwd = pwd.strip()
            if(tipo == 0):
                d = hashlib.md5(options.salt+pwd+options.salt).hexdigest()
            else:
                d = hashlib.sha1(options.salt+pwd+options.salt).hexdigest()
                
            if(d == hash):
                print word+"(salt+pass+salt)\t\t[+] Senha encontrada: "+pwd
                return
        print word+"(salt+pass+salt)\t\t[-] Senha nao encontrada! :-("
    except IOError:
        print "Nao foi possivel abrir sua wordlist, tente novamente."
    except Exception as e:
        print "Erro: "+str(e) 

def saltThree(hash, tipo):
    global word
    try:
        f = open(options.wl)
        for pwd in f.readlines():
            pwd = pwd.strip()
            if(tipo == 0):
                d = hashlib.md5(pwd+options.salt+pwd).hexdigest()
            else:
                d = hashlib.sha1(pwd+options.salt+pwd).hexdigest()
                
            if(d == hash):
                print word+"(pass+salt+pass)\t\t[+] Senha encontrada: "+pwd
                return
        print word+"(pass+salt+pass)\t\t[-] Senha nao encontrada! :-("
    except IOError:
        print "Nao foi possivel abrir sua wordlist, tente novamente."
    except Exception as e:
        print "Erro: "+str(e) 

def saltTwo(hash, tipo):
    global word
    
    try:
        f = open(options.wl)
        for pwd in f.readlines():
            pwd = pwd.strip()
            if(tipo == 0):
                d = hashlib.md5(pwd+options.salt).hexdigest()
            else:
                d = hashlib.sha1(pwd+options.salt).hexdigest()
                
            if(d == hash):
                print word+"(pass+salt)\t\t\t[+] Senha encontrada: "+pwd
                return
        print word+"(pass+salt)\t\t\t[-] Senha nao encontrada! :-("
    except IOError:
        print "Nao foi possivel abrir sua wordlist, tente novamente."
    except Exception as e:
        print "Erro: "+str(e) 

def saltOne(hash, tipo):
    global word
    
    try:
        f = open(options.wl)
        for pwd in f.readlines():
            pwd = pwd.strip()
            if(tipo == 0):
                d = hashlib.md5(options.salt+pwd).hexdigest()
            else:
                d = hashlib.sha1(options.salt+pwd).hexdigest()
                
            if(d == hash):
                print word+"(salt+pass)\t\t\t[+] Senha encontrada: "+pwd
                return
        print word+"(salt+pass)\t\t\t[-] Senha nao encontrada! :-("
    except IOError:
        print "Nao foi possivel abrir sua wordlist, tente novamente."
    except Exception as e:
        print "Erro: "+str(e)

#Without Salt 

def sextuple(hash, tipo):
    global word
        
    try:
        f = open(options.wl)
        for pwd in f.readlines():
            pwd = pwd.strip()
            if(tipo == 0):
                d = hashlib.md5(hashlib.md5(hashlib.md5(hashlib.md5(hashlib.md5(hashlib.md5(pwd).hexdigest()).hexdigest()).hexdigest()).hexdigest()).hexdigest()).hexdigest()
            else:
                d = hashlib.sha1(hashlib.sha1(hashlib.sha1(hashlib.sha1(hashlib.sha1(hashlib.sha1(pwd).hexdigest()).hexdigest()).hexdigest()).hexdigest()).hexdigest()).hexdigest()
                
            if(d == hash):
                print "Sextuple "+ word +"\t\t\t[+] Senha encontrada: "+pwd
                return
        print "Sextuple "+ word +"\t\t\t[+] Senha nao encontrada! :-("
    except IOError:
        print "Nao foi possivel abrir sua wordlist, tente novamente."
    except Exception as e:
        print "Erro: "+str(e) 

def quintuple(hash, tipo):
    global word
        
    try:
        f = open(options.wl)
        for pwd in f.readlines():
            pwd = pwd.strip()
            if(tipo == 0):
                d = hashlib.md5(hashlib.md5(hashlib.md5(hashlib.md5(hashlib.md5(pwd).hexdigest()).hexdigest()).hexdigest()).hexdigest()).hexdigest()
            else:
                d = hashlib.sha1(hashlib.sha1(hashlib.sha1(hashlib.sha1(hashlib.sha1(pwd).hexdigest()).hexdigest()).hexdigest()).hexdigest()).hexdigest()
                
            if(d == hash):
                print "Quintuple "+ word +"\t\t\t[+] Senha encontrada: "+pwd
                return
        print "Quintuple "+ word +"\t\t\t[-] Senha nao encontrada! :-("
    except IOError:
        print "Nao foi possivel abrir sua wordlist, tente novamente."
    except Exception as e:
        print "Erro: "+str(e) 

def quadruple(hash, tipo):
    global word
        
    try:
        f = open(options.wl)
        for pwd in f.readlines():
            pwd = pwd.strip()
            if(tipo == 0):
                d = hashlib.md5(hashlib.md5(hashlib.md5(hashlib.md5(pwd).hexdigest()).hexdigest()).hexdigest()).hexdigest()
            else:
                d = hashlib.sha1(hashlib.sha1(hashlib.sha1(hashlib.sha1(pwd).hexdigest()).hexdigest()).hexdigest()).hexdigest()
                
            if(d == hash):
                print "Quadruple "+ word +"\t\t\t[+] Senha encontrada: "+pwd
                return
        print "Quadruple "+ word +"\t\t\t[-] Senha nao encontrada! :-("
    except IOError:
        print "Nao foi possivel abrir sua wordlist, tente novamente."
    except Exception as e:
        print "Erro: "+str(e) 

def triple(hash, tipo):
    global word
        
    try:
        f = open(options.wl)
        for pwd in f.readlines():
            pwd = pwd.strip()
            if(tipo == 0):
                d = hashlib.md5(hashlib.md5(hashlib.md5(pwd).hexdigest()).hexdigest()).hexdigest()
            else:
                d = hashlib.sha1(hashlib.sha1(hashlib.sha1(pwd).hexdigest()).hexdigest()).hexdigest()
                
            if(d == hash):
                print "Triple "+ word +"\t\t\t[+] Senha encontrada: "+pwd
                return
        print "Triple "+ word +"\t\t\t[-] Senha nao encontrada! :-("
    except IOError:
        print "Nao foi possivel abrir sua wordlist, tente novamente."
    except Exception as e:
        print "Erro: "+str(e) 

def double(hash, tipo):
    global word
        
    try:
        f = open(options.wl)
        for pwd in f.readlines():
            pwd = pwd.strip()
            if(tipo == 0):
                d = hashlib.md5(hashlib.md5(pwd).hexdigest()).hexdigest()
            else:
                d = hashlib.sha1(hashlib.sha1(pwd).hexdigest()).hexdigest()
                
            if(d == hash):
                print "Double "+ word +"\t\t\t[+] Senha encontrada: "+pwd
                return
        print "Double "+ word +"\t\t\t[-] Senha nao encontrada! :-("
    except IOError:
        print "Nao foi possivel abrir sua wordlist, tente novamente."
    except Exception as e:
        print "Erro: "+str(e) 

def decrypt(hash, tipo):
    global word
    
    try:
        if(tipo == 0):
            url = BeautifulSoup(urllib.urlopen("https://md5.gromweb.com/?md5=" + hash), "html.parser")
        else:
            url = BeautifulSoup(urllib.urlopen("https://sha1.gromweb.com/?hash=" + hash), "html.parser")
            
        password = url.find("em", {"class": "long-content string"})
        password = re.sub(re.compile("<.*?>"), "", str(password)).strip()
        if str(password) == "None":
            print word+"\t\t\t\t[-] Senha nao encontrada! :-("
        else:
            print word+"\t\t\t\t[+] Senha encontrada: " + password
    except IOError:
       decryptwl(hash, tipo) 

def get_or_create_dna_sequence(rec, cur, genome_id):
    '''Fetch existing dna_sequence entry or create a new one'''
    params = {}
    params['seq'] = str(rec.seq)
    params['md5sum'] = hashlib.md5(params['seq']).hexdigest()
    params['accession'] = rec.annotations['accessions'][0]
    params['version'] = rec.annotations['sequence_version']

    cur.execute("SELECT sequence_id FROM antismash.dna_sequences WHERE md5 = %s", (params['md5sum'],))
    ret = cur.fetchone()
    if ret is None:
        params['genome_id'] = genome_id
        cur.execute("INSERT INTO antismash.dna_sequences (dna, md5, acc, version, genome_id)"
                    "VALUES (%(seq)s, %(md5sum)s, %(accession)s, %(version)s, %(genome_id)s) RETURNING sequence_id;", params)
        ret = cur.fetchone()

    return ret[0] 

def parse_cookie(cookie, securekey):
    logger.info (">> parse cookie : %s" % cookie)
    parts = cookie.split('.')
    part1 = parts[0]
    part2 = '' if len(parts) < 2 else parts[1]
    try:
        text = str(base64.b64decode(part1.encode('ascii')), encoding='utf-8')
    except:
        logger.info ("decode cookie failed")
        return None
    logger.info ("cookie content : %s" % text)
    thatpart2 = hashlib.md5((text+securekey).encode('ascii')).hexdigest()
    logger.info ("hash from part1 : %s" % thatpart2)
    logger.info ("hash from part2 : %s" % part2)
    if part2 == thatpart2:
        result = json.loads(text)['name']
    else:
        result = None
    logger.info ("parse from cookie : %s" % result)
    return result 

def apply(self, val):
        matches = self._get_matches(val)

        val_to_hash = str(val) if isinstance(val, int) or isinstance(val, float) else val

        try:
            # add string literal to ensure unicode
            hashed = hashlib.md5(val_to_hash.encode('utf-8')).hexdigest() + ''
        except [AttributeError, ValueError]:
            hashed = None

        if matches:
            blotted = '***'.join(matches.groups())
            if hashed:
                return '{} ({})'.format(hashed, blotted)
            return blotted
        return hashed 

def qiniu_upload_img(img_url):
    """?????????

    Args:
        img_url (string): ????
    """
    response = requests.get(img_url)
    image = response.content
    md5 = calc_md5(image)

    qiniu_url = 'http://{}/{}'.format(QINIU_HOSTNAME, md5)
    if requests.head(qiniu_url).ok:
        return qiniu_url

    q = Auth(QINIU_ACCESS_KEY, QINIU_SECRET_KEY)
    token = q.upload_token(QINIU_BUCKET, md5, 10)
    put_data(token, md5, image, mime_type='image/jpeg')
    return qiniu_url 

def apop(self, user, secret):
        """Authorisation

        - only possible if server has supplied a timestamp in initial greeting.

        Args:
                user    - mailbox user;
                secret  - secret shared between client and server.

        NB: mailbox is locked by server from here to 'quit()'
        """
        m = self.timestamp.match(self.welcome)
        if not m:
            raise error_proto('-ERR APOP not supported by server')
        import hashlib
        digest = hashlib.md5(m.group(1)+secret).digest()
        digest = ''.join(map(lambda x:'%02x'%ord(x), digest))
        return self._shortcmd('APOP %s %s' % (user, digest)) 

def make_python_fig(self, code: str,
                        exts: Tuple[str, ...]=('pdf', 'svg'),
                        tight_layout=True) -> str:
        hashsum = hashlib.md5(code.encode('utf8')).hexdigest()
        prefix = hashsum[:2]
        path = os.path.join(self.figures_dir, prefix, hashsum)
        needfigure = False
        for ext in exts:
            if not os.path.isfile(os.path.join(
                    path, self.default_figname + "." + ext)):
                needfigure = True
                break

        if needfigure:
            make_sure_path_exists(path)
            gl = self.pythonfigure_globals
            plt.close()
            exec(code, gl)
            if tight_layout:
                plt.tight_layout()
            for ext in exts:
                plt.savefig(os.path.join(
                    path, self.default_figname + "." + ext))
        return os.path.join(prefix, hashsum) 

def reset(self, currentTime, totalTime, name, year='0'):
        try:
            if not control.setting('bookmarks') == 'true': raise Exception()

            timeInSeconds = str(currentTime)
            ok = int(currentTime) > 180 and (currentTime / totalTime) <= .92

            idFile = hashlib.md5()
            for i in name: idFile.update(str(i))
            for i in year: idFile.update(str(i))
            idFile = str(idFile.hexdigest())

            control.makeFile(control.dataPath)
            dbcon = database.connect(control.bookmarksFile)
            dbcur = dbcon.cursor()
            dbcur.execute("CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS bookmark (""idFile TEXT, ""timeInSeconds TEXT, ""UNIQUE(idFile)"");")
            dbcur.execute("DELETE FROM bookmark WHERE idFile = '%s'" % idFile)
            if ok: dbcur.execute("INSERT INTO bookmark Values (?, ?)", (idFile, timeInSeconds))
            dbcon.commit()
        except:
            pass 

def sign(self, parameters):
        """ Generates the signature for autheorized API calls.

        Args:
            parameters (dict): Name and value of parameters for API call.

        Returns:
            string: Signature according to http://www.last.fm/api/webauth#6.
        """
        sorted_params = ("{}{}".format(k, parameters[k])
                         for k
                         in sorted(parameters))

        md5 = hashlib.md5()

        string = "{}{}".format(''.join(sorted_params), self.__secret)
        md5.update(string.encode('utf-8'))
        return md5.hexdigest() 

def upload_file(upload_file_name, temp):
    # upload_file_name?????
    # ??? saveas???
    #  ?????????,??git???saveas
    #key = md5(str(time.time())+''.join(random.sample(string.letters, 12))).hexdigest()
    # key ??????
    print u"??????: ",
    pic_name = raw_input()
    uuid_6 = uuid.uuid4().get_hex()[:8] #?????
    key = pic_name+"_"+uuid_6+".png"
    copyfile(upload_file_name,join(saveas,key))
    mime_type = 'image/png'
    token = q.upload_token(bucket, key)
    ret, info = put_file(token, key, upload_file_name, mime_type=mime_type, check_crc=True)
    print 'upload qiniu result:', info
    assert ret['key'] == key
    assert ret['hash'] == etag(upload_file_name)
    os.rename(upload_file_name, upload_file_name+'.old')
    return domain+'/'+key 

def set_id(self, data):
    """
    Set ID of document. To allow multiple files with the same path, the
    digest of supplied data (e.g. first 4KB) is appended to the doc ID.

    :param data: Data to append to docuemnt path.
    :type data: Anything digestable by hashlib.
    """
    digest = hashlib.md5()
    digest.update(self.path.encode('utf-8'))

    if isinstance(data, unicode):
      data = data.encode('utf-8')

    digest.update(data)
    self.docid = digest.hexdigest() 

def request(self, method, request_uri, headers, content, cnonce = None):
        """Modify the request headers"""
        H = lambda x: _md5(x).hexdigest()
        KD = lambda s, d: H("%s:%s" % (s, d))
        A2 = "".join([method, ":", request_uri])
        self.challenge['cnonce'] = cnonce or _cnonce()
        request_digest  = '"%s"' % KD(H(self.A1), "%s:%s:%s:%s:%s" % (
                self.challenge['nonce'],
                '%08x' % self.challenge['nc'],
                self.challenge['cnonce'],
                self.challenge['qop'], H(A2)))
        headers['authorization'] = 'Digest username="%s", realm="%s", nonce="%s", uri="%s", algorithm=%s, response=%s, qop=%s, nc=%08x, cnonce="%s"' % (
                self.credentials[0],
                self.challenge['realm'],
                self.challenge['nonce'],
                request_uri,
                self.challenge['algorithm'],
                request_digest,
                self.challenge['qop'],
                self.challenge['nc'],
                self.challenge['cnonce'])
        if self.challenge.get('opaque'):
            headers['authorization'] += ', opaque="%s"' % self.challenge['opaque']
        self.challenge['nc'] += 1 

def buildSign(params, secretKey, host='haobtc'):
    if host =='haobtc' or host == 'default':
        sign = ''
        for key in sorted(params.keys()):
            sign += key + '=' + str(params[key]) +'&'
        data = sign+'secret_key='+secretKey
        return  hashlib.md5(data.encode("utf8")).hexdigest().upper()

    if host == 'okcoin':
        sign = ''
        for key in sorted(params.keys()):
            sign += key + '=' + str(params[key]) +'&'
        data = sign+'secret_key='+secretKey
        return  hashlib.md5(data.encode("utf8")).hexdigest().upper()

    if host == '':
        return

    if host == '':
        return 

def _password_digest(username, password):
    """Get a password digest to use for authentication.
    """
    if not isinstance(password, string_type):
        raise TypeError("password must be an "
                        "instance of %s" % (string_type.__name__,))
    if len(password) == 0:
        raise ValueError("password can't be empty")
    if not isinstance(username, string_type):
        raise TypeError("password must be an "
                        "instance of  %s" % (string_type.__name__,))

    md5hash = md5()
    data = "%s:mongo:%s" % (username, password)
    md5hash.update(data.encode('utf-8'))
    return _unicode(md5hash.hexdigest()) 

def _authenticate_cram_md5(credentials, sock_info):
    """Authenticate using CRAM-MD5 (RFC 2195)
    """
    source = credentials.source
    username = credentials.username
    password = credentials.password
    # The password used as the mac key is the
    # same as what we use for MONGODB-CR
    passwd = _password_digest(username, password)
    cmd = SON([('saslStart', 1),
               ('mechanism', 'CRAM-MD5'),
               ('payload', Binary(b'')),
               ('autoAuthorize', 1)])
    response = sock_info.command(source, cmd)
    # MD5 as implicit default digest for digestmod is deprecated
    # in python 3.4
    mac = hmac.HMAC(key=passwd.encode('utf-8'), digestmod=md5)
    mac.update(response['payload'])
    challenge = username.encode('utf-8') + b' ' + b(mac.hexdigest())
    cmd = SON([('saslContinue', 1),
               ('conversationId', response['conversationId']),
               ('payload', Binary(challenge))])
    sock_info.command(source, cmd) 

def create_checksum(self):
        """
        Creating a checksums of checksums to detect a change
        even if there are multiple files used to configure a service.
        Cleanup old checksumfiles if the config was removed.
        """
        checksums = ''
        for _file in self.service_conf_files:
            if os.path.exists(_file):
                log.debug("Generating checksum for {}".format(_file))
                md5 = hashlib.md5(open(_file, 'rb').read()).hexdigest()
                log.debug("Checksum: {}".format(md5))
                checksums += md5
        if checksums:
            return hashlib.md5(checksums).hexdigest()
        log.debug(("No file found to generate a checksum from. Looked for "
                   "{}".format(self.service_conf_files)))
        if os.path.exists(self.checksum_file):
            os.remove(self.checksum_file)
        return None 

def solution_part2():
    result = 8 * ['']
    assigned = 0
    start_int = 0
    digits = {'0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7'}

    while assigned < 8:
        hexhash = md5(('ugkcyxxp' + str(start_int)).encode('ascii')).hexdigest()
        as_str = str(hexhash)

        if as_str.startswith('00000') and as_str[5] in digits:
            idx = int(as_str[5])
            if not result[idx]:
                result[idx] = as_str[6]
                assigned = len([1 for i in result if i])
                print(result)
        start_int += 1

    return ''.join(result) 

def createVideoIcon(file):
        """
        Creating a video icon/thumbnail

        :type file: str
        :param file: path to the file name
        :rtype: image
        :return: icon/thumbnail for the video
        """
        # should install ffmpeg for the method to work successfully
        ffmpeg = Utils.checkFFMPEG()

        if ffmpeg:
            # generate thumbnail
            preview = os.path.join(mkdtemp(), hashlib.md5(file) + '.jpg')

            try:
                os.unlink(preview)
            except Exception:
                pass

            # capture video preview
            command = [ffmpeg, '-i', file, '-f', 'mjpeg', '-ss', '00:00:01', '-vframes', '1', preview, '2>&1']
            exec_php(command)
            return file_get_contents(preview) 

def ExpandBitly(self, text):
    if os.environ['HTTP_HOST'].find('localhost') == -1:
      p = re.compile('http:\/\/bit\.ly/[a-zA-Z0-9]+')
      m = p.findall(text)
      if len(m) > 0:
        api = bitly.Api(login='livid', apikey='R_40ab00809faf431d53cfdacc8d8b8d7f')
        last = None
        for s in m:
          if s != last:
            cache_tag = 'bitly_' + hashlib.md5(s).hexdigest()
            expanded = memcache.get(cache_tag)
            if expanded is None:
              expanded = api.expand(s)
              memcache.set(cache_tag, expanded, 2678400)
            last = s
            text = text.replace(s, expanded)
    return text 

def gravatar(value,arg):
    default = "http://v2ex.appspot.com/static/img/avatar_" + str(arg) + ".png"
    if type(value).__name__ != 'Member':
        return '<img src="' + default + '" border="0" align="absmiddle" />'
    if arg == 'large':
        number_size = 73
        member_avatar_url = value.avatar_large_url
    elif arg == 'normal':
        number_size = 48
        member_avatar_url = value.avatar_normal_url
    elif arg == 'mini':
        number_size = 24
        member_avatar_url = value.avatar_mini_url
        
    if member_avatar_url:
        return '<img src="'+ member_avatar_url +'" border="0" alt="' + value.username + '" />'
    else:
        gravatar_url = "http://www.gravatar.com/avatar/" + hashlib.md5(value.email.lower()).hexdigest() + "?"
        gravatar_url += urllib.urlencode({'s' : str(number_size), 'd' : default})
        return '<img src="' + gravatar_url + '" border="0" alt="' + value.username + '" align="absmiddle" />'


# avatar filter 

def __init__(self, method):
        super(auth_chain_a, self).__init__(method)
        self.hashfunc = hashlib.md5
        self.recv_buf = b''
        self.unit_len = 2800
        self.raw_trans = False
        self.has_sent_header = False
        self.has_recv_header = False
        self.client_id = 0
        self.connection_id = 0
        self.max_time_dif = 60 * 60 * 24 # time dif (second) setting
        self.salt = b"auth_chain_a"
        self.no_compatible_method = 'auth_chain_a'
        self.pack_id = 1
        self.recv_id = 1
        self.user_id = None
        self.user_id_num = 0
        self.user_key = None
        self.overhead = 4
        self.client_over_head = 4
        self.last_client_hash = b''
        self.last_server_hash = b''
        self.random_client = xorshift128plus()
        self.random_server = xorshift128plus()
        self.encryptor = None 

def EVP_BytesToKey(password, key_len, iv_len):
    # equivalent to OpenSSL's EVP_BytesToKey() with count 1
    # so that we make the same key and iv as nodejs version
    if hasattr(password, 'encode'):
        password = password.encode('utf-8')
    cached_key = '%s-%d-%d' % (password, key_len, iv_len)
    r = cached_keys.get(cached_key, None)
    if r:
        return r
    m = []
    i = 0
    while len(b''.join(m)) < (key_len + iv_len):
        md5 = hashlib.md5()
        data = password
        if i > 0:
            data = m[i - 1] + password
        md5.update(data)
        m.append(md5.digest())
        i += 1
    ms = b''.join(m)
    key = ms[:key_len]
    iv = ms[key_len:key_len + iv_len]
    cached_keys[cached_key] = (key, iv)
    return key, iv 

def post(self):
        #
        # ???????
        # ????session
        #
        password = self.get_body_argument('password', '')
        if password:
            user = yield self.db.user.find_one({
                'username': self.current_user['username']
            })
            _ = md5(password + self.settings['salt'])
            if user['password'] == _.hexdigest():
                if self.get_cookie('TORNADOSESSION'):
                    self.clear_cookie('TORNADOSESSION')
                self.db.user.remove({
                    '_id': ObjectId(self.current_user['_id'])
                })
                self.session.delete('user_session')
                self.redirect('/')
        self.custom_error('????????') 

def user_action(self, *args, **kwargs):
        uid = self.get_body_argument('uid')
        user = {
            'email': self.get_body_argument('email'),
            'website': self.get_body_argument('website'),
            'qq': self.get_body_argument('qq'),
            'address': self.get_body_argument('address')
        }
        # model ??
        #
        #
        password = self.get_body_argument('password', '')
        # password ?????
        if password:
            user['password'] = md5(password, self.settings['salt'])
        user = yield self.db.user.find_and_modify({
            '_id': ObjectId(uid)
        }, {
            '$set': user
        })
        self.redirect('/manage/userdetail/{}'.format(uid)) 

def h_file_win32(fname):
	try:
		fd = os.open(fname, os.O_BINARY | os.O_RDONLY | os.O_NOINHERIT)
	except OSError:
		raise IOError('Cannot read from %r' % fname)
	f = os.fdopen(fd, 'rb')
	m = md5()
	try:
		while fname:
			fname = f.read(200000)
			m.update(fname)
	finally:
		f.close()
	return m.digest()

# always save these 

def h_file_win32(fname):
	try:
		fd = os.open(fname, os.O_BINARY | os.O_RDONLY | os.O_NOINHERIT)
	except OSError:
		raise IOError('Cannot read from %r' % fname)
	f = os.fdopen(fd, 'rb')
	m = md5()
	try:
		while fname:
			fname = f.read(200000)
			m.update(fname)
	finally:
		f.close()
	return m.digest()

# always save these 

def h_file_win32(fname):
	try:
		fd = os.open(fname, os.O_BINARY | os.O_RDONLY | os.O_NOINHERIT)
	except OSError:
		raise IOError('Cannot read from %r' % fname)
	f = os.fdopen(fd, 'rb')
	m = md5()
	try:
		while fname:
			fname = f.read(200000)
			m.update(fname)
	finally:
		f.close()
	return m.digest()

# always save these 

def file_already_exists(self):
        """Check to see if there is a remote file with the same
        name and md5 sum.

        Returns:
            ``True`` if exists, ``False`` otherwise.
        """
        if not self.remote_dir_exists:
            return False

        try:
            dst_hash = self._get_remote_md5()
        except NCError:
            return False

        src_hash = self._get_local_md5()
        if src_hash == dst_hash:
            return True

        return False 

def _get_remote_md5(self):
        """Return the md5 sum of the remote file,
        if it exists.
        """
        E = action_element_maker()
        top = E.top(
            E.FileSystem(
                E.Files(
                    E.File(
                        E.SrcName(self.dst),
                        E.Operations(
                            E.md5sum()
                        )
                    )
                )
            )
        )


        nc_get_reply = self.device.action(top)
        reply_ele = etree.fromstring(nc_get_reply.xml)
        md5sum = find_in_action('md5sum', reply_ele)

        if md5sum is not None:
            return md5sum.text.strip() 

def get_md5(url):
    #str??unicode?
    if isinstance(url, str):
        url = url.encode("utf-8")
    m = hashlib.md5()
    m.update(url)
    return m.hexdigest() 

def md5(self):
        return hashlib.md5(self.stream).hexdigest(); 

def run(self):
        searchhash = ''
        if self.data_type == 'hash':
            searchhash = self.getData()
            if len(searchhash) != 32:
                self.report({'isonvs': 'unknown',
                             'hash': searchhash})
        elif self.data_type == 'file':
            filepath = self.getParam('file')
            hasher = hashlib.md5()
            with io.open(filepath, mode='rb') as afile:
                for chunk in iter(lambda: afile.read(65536), b''):
                    hasher.update(chunk)
            searchhash = hasher.hexdigest()
        else:
            self.error('Unsupported data type.')

        # Read files
        for file in self.filelist:
            filepath = os.path.join(self.path, file)
            if not os.path.isfile(filepath):
                continue
            with io.open(filepath, 'r') as afile:
                for line in afile:
                    # Skipping comments
                    if line[0] == '#':
                        continue
                    if searchhash.lower() in line:
                        self.report({'isonvs': True,
                                     'md5': searchhash})
        self.report({'isonvs': False,
                     'md5': searchhash}) 

def getTempfileChecksum(self):
        with open(self.tempfile, 'rb') as fileHandler:
            checksum = hashlib.md5()
            while True:
                data = fileHandler.read(8192)
                if not data:
                    break
                checksum.update(data)

            return checksum.hexdigest() 

def md5(self):
        """
        Simply return the md5 hash value associated with the content file.

        If the file can't be accessed, then None is returned.
        """
        md5 = hashlib.md5()
        if self.open(mode=NNTPFileMode.BINARY_RO):
            for chunk in \
                    iter(lambda: self.stream.read(128*md5.block_size), b''):
                md5.update(chunk)
            return md5.hexdigest()
        return None