import math from javascript import console from browser import document, html import _svg _CFG = {"width" : 0.5, # Screen "height" : 0.75, "canvwidth" : 400, "canvheight": 300, "leftright": None, "topbottom": None, "mode": "standard", # TurtleScreen "colormode": 1.0, "delay": 10, "undobuffersize": 1000, # RawTurtle "shape": "classic", "pencolor" : "black", "fillcolor" : "black", "resizemode" : "noresize", "visible" : True, "language": "english", # docstrings "exampleturtle": "turtle", "examplescreen": "screen", "title": "Python Turtle Graphics", "using_IDLE": False } class Vec2D(tuple): """A 2 dimensional vector class, used as a helper class for implementing turtle graphics. May be useful for turtle graphics programs also. Derived from tuple, so a vector is a tuple! Provides (for a, b vectors, k number): a+b vector addition a-b vector subtraction a*b inner product k*a and a*k multiplication with scalar |a| absolute value of a a.rotate(angle) rotation """ def __new__(cls, x, y): return tuple.__new__(cls, (x, y)) def __add__(self, other): return Vec2D(self[0]+other[0], self[1]+other[1]) def __mul__(self, other): if isinstance(other, Vec2D): return self[0]*other[0]+ self[1]*other[1] return Vec2D(self[0]*other, self[1]*other) def __rmul__(self, other): if isinstance(other, int) or isinstance(other, float): return Vec2D(self[0]*other, self[1]*other) def __sub__(self, other): return Vec2D(self[0]-other[0], self[1]-other[1]) def __neg__(self): return Vec2D(-self[0], -self[1]) def __abs__(self): return (self[0]**2 + self[1]**2)**0.5 def rotate(self, angle): """rotate self counterclockwise by angle """ perp = Vec2D(-self[1], self[0]) angle = angle * math.pi / 180.0 c, s = math.cos(angle), math.sin(angle) return Vec2D(self[0]*c+perp[0]*s, self[1]*c+perp[1]*s) def __getnewargs__(self): return (self[0], self[1]) def __repr__(self): return "(%.2f,%.2f)" % self ############################################################################## ### From here up to line : Tkinter - Interface for turtle.py ### ### May be replaced by an interface to some different graphics toolkit ### ############################################################################## class _Root: """Root class for Screen based on Tkinter.""" def setupcanvas(self, width, height, cwidth, cheight): self._svg=_svg.svg(Id="mycanvas", width=cwidth, height=cheight) self._canvas=_svg.g(transform="translate(%d,%d)" % (cwidth//2, cheight//2)) self._svg <= self._canvas def end(self): def set_svg(): #have to do this to get animate to work... document['container'].html=document['container'].html if "mycanvas" not in document: document["container"] <= self._svg from browser import timer #need this for chrome so that first few draw commands are viewed properly. timer.set_timeout(set_svg, 1) def _getcanvas(self): return self._canvas def win_width(self): return self._canvas.width def win_height(self): return self._canvas.height class TurtleScreenBase: """Provide the basic graphics functionality. Interface between Tkinter and turtle.py. To port turtle.py to some different graphics toolkit a corresponding TurtleScreenBase class has to be implemented. """ #@staticmethod #def _blankimage(): # """return a blank image object # """ # pass #@staticmethod #def _image(filename): # """return an image object containing the # imagedata from a gif-file named filename. # """ # pass def __init__(self, cv): self.cv = cv self._previous_turtle_attributes={} self._draw_pos=0 self.canvwidth = cv.width self.canvheight = cv.height self.xscale = self.yscale = 1.0 def _createpoly(self): """Create an invisible polygon item on canvas self.cv) """ #console.log("_createpoly") pass def _drawpoly(self, polyitem, coordlist, fill=None, outline=None, width=None, top=False): """Configure polygonitem polyitem according to provided arguments: coordlist is sequence of coordinates fill is filling color outline is outline color top is a boolean value, which specifies if polyitem will be put on top of the canvas' displaylist so it will not be covered by other items. """ #console.log("_drawpoly") pass def _drawline(self, lineitem, coordlist=None, fill=None, width=None, top=False): """Configure lineitem according to provided arguments: coordlist is sequence of coordinates fill is drawing color width is width of drawn line. top is a boolean value, which specifies if polyitem will be put on top of the canvas' displaylist so it will not be covered by other items. """ #console.log("_drawline") #if not isinstance(lineitem, Turtle): # return if coordlist is not None: _x0, _y0=coordlist[0] _x1, _y1=coordlist[1] _dist=math.sqrt( (_x0-_x1)*(_x0-_x1) + (_y0-_y1)*(_y0-_y1) ) _dur="%4.2fs" % (0.01*_dist) if _dur == '0.00s': _dur='0.1s' #_dur="%ss" % 1 self._draw_pos+=1 _shape=["%s,%s" % (_x, _y) for _x,_y in lineitem.get_shapepoly()] if 0: #if lineitem.isvisible(): if lineitem in self._previous_turtle_attributes: _previous=self._previous_turtle_attributes[lineitem] if _previous.heading() != lineitem.heading(): #if self._turtle_heading[lineitem] != lineitem.heading(): _rotate=_previous.heading() _turtle=_svg.polygon(points=" ".join(_shape), transform="rotate(%s)" % (_rotate-90), style={'stroke': fill, 'fill': fill, 'stroke-width': width, 'display': 'none'}) # we need to rotate our turtle.. _turtle <= _svg.animateTransform( Id="animateLine%s" % self._draw_pos, attributeName="transform", type="rotate", attributeType="XML", From=_rotate - 90, to=lineitem.heading() -90, dur=_dur, begin="animateLine%s.end" % (self._draw_pos-1)) _turtle <= _svg.set(attributeName="display", attributeType="CSS", to="block", begin="animateLine%s.begin" % self._draw_pos, end="animateLine%s.end" % self._draw_pos) #_turtle <= _svg.animateMotion(From="%s,%s" % (_x0*self.xscale, _y0*self.yscale), # to="%s,%s" % (_x0*self.xscale, _y0*self.yscale), # begin="animateLine%s.begin" % self._draw_pos, # end="animateLine%s.end" % self._draw_pos) #_turtle <= _svg.animate(attributeName="fill", # From=_previous.fill, to=fill, dur=_dur, # begin="animateLine%s.begin" % self._draw_pos) self._draw_pos+=1 self._canvas <= _turtle _line= _svg.line(x1=_x0*self.xscale, y1=_y0*self.yscale, x2=_x0*self.xscale, y2=_y0*self.yscale, style={'stroke': fill, 'stroke-width': width}) _an1=_svg.animate(Id="animateLine%s" % self._draw_pos, attributeName="x2", attributeType="XML", From=_x0*self.xscale, to=_x1*self.xscale, dur=_dur, fill='freeze') _an2=_svg.animate(attributeName="y2", attributeType="XML", begin="animateLine%s.begin" % self._draw_pos, From=_y0*self.xscale, to=_y1*self.xscale, dur=_dur, fill='freeze') # draw turtle if lineitem.isvisible(): _turtle=_svg.polygon(points=" ".join(_shape), transform="rotate(%s)" % (lineitem.heading() - 90), style={'stroke': fill, 'fill': fill, 'stroke-width': width, 'display': 'none'}) _turtle <= _svg.animateMotion(From="%s,%s" % (_x0*self.xscale, _y0*self.yscale), to="%s,%s" % (_x1*self.xscale, _y1*self.yscale), dur=_dur, begin="animateLine%s.begin" % self._draw_pos) _turtle <= _svg.set(attributeName="display", attributeType="CSS", to="block", begin="animateLine%s.begin" % self._draw_pos, end="animateLine%s.end" % self._draw_pos) self._canvas <= _turtle self._previous_turtle_attributes[lineitem]=lineitem if self._draw_pos == 1: _an1.setAttribute('begin', "0s") else: _an1.setAttribute('begin', "animateLine%s.end" % (self._draw_pos-1)) _line <= _an1 _line <= _an2 self._canvas <= _line def _delete(self, item): """Delete graphics item from canvas. If item is"all" delete all graphics items. """ pass def _update(self): """Redraw graphics items on canvas """ pass def _delay(self, delay): """Delay subsequent canvas actions for delay ms.""" pass def _iscolorstring(self, color): """Check if the string color is a legal Tkinter color string. """ return True #fix me #try: # rgb = self.cv.winfo_rgb(color) # ok = True #except TK.TclError: # ok = False #return ok def _bgcolor(self, color=None): """Set canvas' backgroundcolor if color is not None, else return backgroundcolor.""" if color is not None: self.cv.style.backgroundColor=color else: return self.cv.style.backgroundColor def _write(self, pos, txt, align, font, pencolor): """Write txt at pos in canvas with specified font and color. Return text item and x-coord of right bottom corner of text's bounding box.""" self._draw_pos+=1 _text= _svg.text(txt, x=pos[0], y=pos[1], fill=pencolor, style={'display': 'none'}) _text <= _svg.animate(Id="animateLine%s" % self._draw_pos, attributeName="display", attributeType="CSS", From="block", to="block", dur="1s", fill='freeze', begin="animateLine%s.end" % (self._draw_pos-1)) self._canvas <= _text return Vec2D(pos[0]+50, pos[1]+50) #fix me ## def _dot(self, pos, size, color): ## """may be implemented for some other graphics toolkit""" def _createimage(self, image): """Create and return image item on canvas. """ pass def _drawimage(self, item, pos, image): """Configure image item as to draw image object at position (x,y) on canvas) """ pass def _setbgpic(self, item, image): """Configure image item as to draw image object at center of canvas. Set item to the first item in the displaylist, so it will be drawn below any other item .""" pass def _type(self, item): """Return 'line' or 'polygon' or 'image' depending on type of item. """ pass def _resize(self, canvwidth=None, canvheight=None, bg=None): """Resize the canvas the turtles are drawing on. Does not alter the drawing window. """ self.cv.style.width=canvwidth self.cv.style.height=canvheight if bg is not None: self.cv.style.backgroundColor=bg def _window_size(self): """ Return the width and height of the turtle window. """ #for now just return canvas width/height return self.cv.width, self.cv.height def mainloop(self): """Starts event loop - calling Tkinter's mainloop function. No argument. Must be last statement in a turtle graphics program. Must NOT be used if a script is run from within IDLE in -n mode (No subprocess) - for interactive use of turtle graphics. Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen): >>> screen.mainloop() """ pass def textinput(self, title, prompt): """Pop up a dialog window for input of a string. Arguments: title is the title of the dialog window, prompt is a text mostly describing what information to input. Return the string input If the dialog is canceled, return None. Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen): >>> screen.textinput("NIM", "Name of first player:") """ pass def numinput(self, title, prompt, default=None, minval=None, maxval=None): """Pop up a dialog window for input of a number. Arguments: title is the title of the dialog window, prompt is a text mostly describing what numerical information to input. default: default value minval: minimum value for imput maxval: maximum value for input The number input must be in the range minval .. maxval if these are given. If not, a hint is issued and the dialog remains open for correction. Return the number input. If the dialog is canceled, return None. Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen): >>> screen.numinput("Poker", "Your stakes:", 1000, minval=10, maxval=10000) """ pass ############################################################################## ### End of Tkinter - interface ### ############################################################################## class Terminator (Exception): """Will be raised in TurtleScreen.update, if _RUNNING becomes False. This stops execution of a turtle graphics script. Main purpose: use in the Demo-Viewer turtle.Demo.py. """ pass class TurtleGraphicsError(Exception): """Some TurtleGraphics Error """ pass class Shape: """Data structure modeling shapes. attribute _type is one of "polygon", "image", "compound" attribute _data is - depending on _type a poygon-tuple, an image or a list constructed using the addcomponent method. """ def __init__(self, type_, data=None): self._type = type_ if type_ == "polygon": if isinstance(data, list): data = tuple(data) elif type_ == "image": if isinstance(data, str): if data.lower().endswith(".gif") and isfile(data): data = TurtleScreen._image(data) # else data assumed to be Photoimage elif type_ == "compound": data = [] else: raise TurtleGraphicsError("There is no shape type %s" % type_) self._data = data def addcomponent(self, poly, fill, outline=None): """Add component to a shape of type compound. Arguments: poly is a polygon, i. e. a tuple of number pairs. fill is the fillcolor of the component, outline is the outline color of the component. call (for a Shapeobject namend s): -- s.addcomponent(((0,0), (10,10), (-10,10)), "red", "blue") Example: >>> poly = ((0,0),(10,-5),(0,10),(-10,-5)) >>> s = Shape("compound") >>> s.addcomponent(poly, "red", "blue") >>> # .. add more components and then use register_shape() """ if self._type != "compound": raise TurtleGraphicsError("Cannot add component to %s Shape" % self._type) if outline is None: outline = fill self._data.append([poly, fill, outline]) class TurtleScreen(TurtleScreenBase): """Provides screen oriented methods like setbg etc. Only relies upon the methods of TurtleScreenBase and NOT upon components of the underlying graphics toolkit - which is Tkinter in this case. """ _RUNNING = True def __init__(self, cv, mode=_CFG["mode"], colormode=_CFG["colormode"], delay=_CFG["delay"]): self._shapes = { "arrow" : Shape("polygon", ((-10,0), (10,0), (0,10))), "turtle" : Shape("polygon", ((0,16), (-2,14), (-1,10), (-4,7), (-7,9), (-9,8), (-6,5), (-7,1), (-5,-3), (-8,-6), (-6,-8), (-4,-5), (0,-7), (4,-5), (6,-8), (8,-6), (5,-3), (7,1), (6,5), (9,8), (7,9), (4,7), (1,10), (2,14))), "circle" : Shape("polygon", ((10,0), (9.51,3.09), (8.09,5.88), (5.88,8.09), (3.09,9.51), (0,10), (-3.09,9.51), (-5.88,8.09), (-8.09,5.88), (-9.51,3.09), (-10,0), (-9.51,-3.09), (-8.09,-5.88), (-5.88,-8.09), (-3.09,-9.51), (-0.00,-10.00), (3.09,-9.51), (5.88,-8.09), (8.09,-5.88), (9.51,-3.09))), "square" : Shape("polygon", ((10,-10), (10,10), (-10,10), (-10,-10))), "triangle" : Shape("polygon", ((10,-5.77), (0,11.55), (-10,-5.77))), "classic": Shape("polygon", ((0,0),(-5,-9),(0,-7),(5,-9))), "blank" : Shape("image", None) #self._blankimage()) } self._bgpics = {"nopic" : ""} TurtleScreenBase.__init__(self, cv) self._mode = mode self._delayvalue = delay self._colormode = _CFG["colormode"] self._keys = [] self.clear() def clear(self): """Delete all drawings and all turtles from the TurtleScreen. No argument. Reset empty TurtleScreen to its initial state: white background, no backgroundimage, no eventbindings and tracing on. Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen): >>> screen.clear() Note: this method is not available as function. """ self._delayvalue = _CFG["delay"] self._colormode = _CFG["colormode"] self._delete("all") self._bgpic = self._createimage("") self._bgpicname = "nopic" self._tracing = 1 self._updatecounter = 0 self._turtles = [] self.bgcolor("white") #for btn in 1, 2, 3: # self.onclick(None, btn) #self.onkeypress(None) #for key in self._keys[:]: # self.onkey(None, key) # self.onkeypress(None, key) Turtle._pen = None def mode(self, mode=None): """Set turtle-mode ('standard', 'logo' or 'world') and perform reset. Optional argument: mode -- on of the strings 'standard', 'logo' or 'world' Mode 'standard' is compatible with turtle.py. Mode 'logo' is compatible with most Logo-Turtle-Graphics. Mode 'world' uses userdefined 'worldcoordinates'. *Attention*: in this mode angles appear distorted if x/y unit-ratio doesn't equal 1. If mode is not given, return the current mode. Mode Initial turtle heading positive angles ------------|-------------------------|------------------- 'standard' to the right (east) counterclockwise 'logo' upward (north) clockwise Examples: >>> mode('logo') # resets turtle heading to north >>> mode() 'logo' """ if mode is None: return self._mode mode = mode.lower() if mode not in ["standard", "logo", "world"]: raise TurtleGraphicsError("No turtle-graphics-mode %s" % mode) self._mode = mode if mode in ["standard", "logo"]: self._setscrollregion(-self.canvwidth//2, -self.canvheight//2, self.canvwidth//2, self.canvheight//2) self.xscale = self.yscale = 1.0 self.reset() def setworldcoordinates(self, llx, lly, urx, ury): """Set up a user defined coordinate-system. Arguments: llx -- a number, x-coordinate of lower left corner of canvas lly -- a number, y-coordinate of lower left corner of canvas urx -- a number, x-coordinate of upper right corner of canvas ury -- a number, y-coordinate of upper right corner of canvas Set up user coodinat-system and switch to mode 'world' if necessary. This performs a screen.reset. If mode 'world' is already active, all drawings are redrawn according to the new coordinates. But ATTENTION: in user-defined coordinatesystems angles may appear distorted. (see Screen.mode()) Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen): >>> screen.setworldcoordinates(-10,-0.5,50,1.5) >>> for _ in range(36): ... left(10) ... forward(0.5) """ if self.mode() != "world": self.mode("world") xspan = float(urx - llx) yspan = float(ury - lly) wx, wy = self._window_size() self.screensize(wx-20, wy-20) oldxscale, oldyscale = self.xscale, self.yscale self.xscale = self.canvwidth / xspan self.yscale = self.canvheight / yspan srx1 = llx * self.xscale sry1 = -ury * self.yscale srx2 = self.canvwidth + srx1 sry2 = self.canvheight + sry1 self._setscrollregion(srx1, sry1, srx2, sry2) self._rescale(self.xscale/oldxscale, self.yscale/oldyscale) #self.update() def register_shape(self, name, shape=None): """Adds a turtle shape to TurtleScreen's shapelist. Arguments: (1) name is the name of a gif-file and shape is None. Installs the corresponding image shape. !! Image-shapes DO NOT rotate when turning the turtle, !! so they do not display the heading of the turtle! (2) name is an arbitrary string and shape is a tuple of pairs of coordinates. Installs the corresponding polygon shape (3) name is an arbitrary string and shape is a (compound) Shape object. Installs the corresponding compound shape. To use a shape, you have to issue the command shape(shapename). call: register_shape("turtle.gif") --or: register_shape("tri", ((0,0), (10,10), (-10,10))) Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen): >>> screen.register_shape("triangle", ((5,-3),(0,5),(-5,-3))) """ if shape is None: # image if name.lower().endswith(".gif"): shape = Shape("image", self._image(name)) else: raise TurtleGraphicsError("Bad arguments for register_shape.\n" + "Use help(register_shape)" ) elif isinstance(shape, tuple): shape = Shape("polygon", shape) ## else shape assumed to be Shape-instance self._shapes[name] = shape def _colorstr(self, color): """Return color string corresponding to args. Argument may be a string or a tuple of three numbers corresponding to actual colormode, i.e. in the range 0<=n<=colormode. If the argument doesn't represent a color, an error is raised. """ if len(color) == 1: color = color[0] if isinstance(color, str): if self._iscolorstring(color) or color == "": return color else: raise TurtleGraphicsError("bad color string: %s" % str(color)) try: r, g, b = color except: raise TurtleGraphicsError("bad color arguments: %s" % str(color)) if self._colormode == 1.0: r, g, b = [round(255.0*x) for x in (r, g, b)] if not ((0 <= r <= 255) and (0 <= g <= 255) and (0 <= b <= 255)): raise TurtleGraphicsError("bad color sequence: %s" % str(color)) return "#%02x%02x%02x" % (r, g, b) def _color(self, cstr): if not cstr.startswith("#"): return cstr if len(cstr) == 7: cl = [int(cstr[i:i+2], 16) for i in (1, 3, 5)] elif len(cstr) == 4: cl = [16*int(cstr[h], 16) for h in cstr[1:]] else: raise TurtleGraphicsError("bad colorstring: %s" % cstr) return tuple([c * self._colormode/255 for c in cl]) def colormode(self, cmode=None): """Return the colormode or set it to 1.0 or 255. Optional argument: cmode -- one of the values 1.0 or 255 r, g, b values of colortriples have to be in range 0..cmode. Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen): >>> screen.colormode() 1.0 >>> screen.colormode(255) >>> pencolor(240,160,80) """ if cmode is None: return self._colormode if cmode == 1.0: self._colormode = float(cmode) elif cmode == 255: self._colormode = int(cmode) def reset(self): """Reset all Turtles on the Screen to their initial state. No argument. Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen): >>> screen.reset() """ for turtle in self._turtles: turtle._setmode(self._mode) turtle.reset() def turtles(self): """Return the list of turtles on the screen. Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen): >>> screen.turtles() [<turtle.Turtle object at 0x00E11FB0>] """ return self._turtles def bgcolor(self, *args): """Set or return backgroundcolor of the TurtleScreen. Arguments (if given): a color string or three numbers in the range 0..colormode or a 3-tuple of such numbers. Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen): >>> screen.bgcolor("orange") >>> screen.bgcolor() 'orange' >>> screen.bgcolor(0.5,0,0.5) >>> screen.bgcolor() '#800080' """ if args: color = self._colorstr(args) else: color = None color = self._bgcolor(color) if color is not None: color = self._color(color) return color def tracer(self, n=None, delay=None): """Turns turtle animation on/off and set delay for update drawings. Optional arguments: n -- nonnegative integer delay -- nonnegative integer If n is given, only each n-th regular screen update is really performed. (Can be used to accelerate the drawing of complex graphics.) Second arguments sets delay value (see RawTurtle.delay()) Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen): >>> screen.tracer(8, 25) >>> dist = 2 >>> for i in range(200): ... fd(dist) ... rt(90) ... dist += 2 """ if n is None: return self._tracing self._tracing = int(n) self._updatecounter = 0 if delay is not None: self._delayvalue = int(delay) if self._tracing: self.update() def delay(self, delay=None): """ Return or set the drawing delay in milliseconds. Optional argument: delay -- positive integer Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen): >>> screen.delay(15) >>> screen.delay() 15 """ if delay is None: return self._delayvalue self._delayvalue = int(delay) def _incrementudc(self): """Increment update counter.""" if not TurtleScreen._RUNNING: TurtleScreen._RUNNNING = True raise Terminator if self._tracing > 0: self._updatecounter += 1 self._updatecounter %= self._tracing def update(self): """Perform a TurtleScreen update. """ return tracing = self._tracing self._tracing = True for t in self.turtles(): #t._update_data() t._drawturtle() self._tracing = tracing self._update() def window_width(self): """ Return the width of the turtle window. Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen): >>> screen.window_width() 640 """ return self._window_size()[0] def window_height(self): """ Return the height of the turtle window. Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen): >>> screen.window_height() 480 """ return self._window_size()[1] def getcanvas(self): """Return the Canvas of this TurtleScreen. No argument. Example (for a Screen instance named screen): >>> cv = screen.getcanvas() >>> cv <turtle.ScrolledCanvas instance at 0x010742D8> """ return self.cv def getshapes(self): """Return a list of names of all currently available turtle shapes. No argument. Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen): >>> screen.getshapes() ['arrow', 'blank', 'circle', ... , 'turtle'] """ return sorted(self._shapes.keys()) def onclick(self, fun, btn=1, add=None): """Bind fun to mouse-click event on canvas. Arguments: fun -- a function with two arguments, the coordinates of the clicked point on the canvas. num -- the number of the mouse-button, defaults to 1 Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen) >>> screen.onclick(goto) >>> # Subsequently clicking into the TurtleScreen will >>> # make the turtle move to the clicked point. >>> screen.onclick(None) """ self._onscreenclick(fun, btn, add) def onkey(self, fun, key): """Bind fun to key-release event of key. Arguments: fun -- a function with no arguments key -- a string: key (e.g. "a") or key-symbol (e.g. "space") In order to be able to register key-events, TurtleScreen must have focus. (See method listen.) Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen): >>> def f(): ... fd(50) ... lt(60) ... >>> screen.onkey(f, "Up") >>> screen.listen() Subsequently the turtle can be moved by repeatedly pressing the up-arrow key, consequently drawing a hexagon """ if fun is None: if key in self._keys: self._keys.remove(key) elif key not in self._keys: self._keys.append(key) self._onkeyrelease(fun, key) def onkeypress(self, fun, key=None): """Bind fun to key-press event of key if key is given, or to any key-press-event if no key is given. Arguments: fun -- a function with no arguments key -- a string: key (e.g. "a") or key-symbol (e.g. "space") In order to be able to register key-events, TurtleScreen must have focus. (See method listen.) Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen and a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> def f(): ... fd(50) ... lt(60) ... >>> screen.onkeypress(f, "Up") >>> screen.listen() Subsequently the turtle can be moved by repeatedly pressing the up-arrow key, or by keeping pressed the up-arrow key. consequently drawing a hexagon. """ if fun is None: if key in self._keys: self._keys.remove(key) elif key is not None and key not in self._keys: self._keys.append(key) self._onkeypress(fun, key) def listen(self, xdummy=None, ydummy=None): """Set focus on TurtleScreen (in order to collect key-events) No arguments. Dummy arguments are provided in order to be able to pass listen to the onclick method. Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen): >>> screen.listen() """ self._listen() def ontimer(self, fun, t=0): """Install a timer, which calls fun after t milliseconds. Arguments: fun -- a function with no arguments. t -- a number >= 0 Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen): >>> running = True >>> def f(): ... if running: ... fd(50) ... lt(60) ... screen.ontimer(f, 250) ... >>> f() # makes the turtle marching around >>> running = False """ self._ontimer(fun, t) def bgpic(self, picname=None): """Set background image or return name of current backgroundimage. Optional argument: picname -- a string, name of a gif-file or "nopic". If picname is a filename, set the corresponding image as background. If picname is "nopic", delete backgroundimage, if present. If picname is None, return the filename of the current backgroundimage. Example (for a TurtleScreen instance named screen): >>> screen.bgpic() 'nopic' >>> screen.bgpic("landscape.gif") >>> screen.bgpic() 'landscape.gif' """ if picname is None: return self._bgpicname if picname not in self._bgpics: self._bgpics[picname] = self._image(picname) self._setbgpic(self._bgpic, self._bgpics[picname]) self._bgpicname = picname def screensize(self, canvwidth=None, canvheight=None, bg=None): """Resize the canvas the turtles are drawing on. Optional arguments: canvwidth -- positive integer, new width of canvas in pixels canvheight -- positive integer, new height of canvas in pixels bg -- colorstring or color-tuple, new backgroundcolor If no arguments are given, return current (canvaswidth, canvasheight) Do not alter the drawing window. To observe hidden parts of the canvas use the scrollbars. (Can make visible those parts of a drawing, which were outside the canvas before!) Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.screensize(2000,1500) >>> # e.g. to search for an erroneously escaped turtle ;-) """ return self._resize(canvwidth, canvheight, bg) onscreenclick = onclick resetscreen = reset clearscreen = clear addshape = register_shape onkeyrelease = onkey class TNavigator: """Navigation part of the RawTurtle. Implements methods for turtle movement. """ START_ORIENTATION = { "standard": Vec2D(1.0, 0.0), "world" : Vec2D(1.0, 0.0), "logo" : Vec2D(0.0, 1.0) } DEFAULT_MODE = "standard" DEFAULT_ANGLEOFFSET = 0 DEFAULT_ANGLEORIENT = 1 def __init__(self, mode=DEFAULT_MODE): self._angleOffset = self.DEFAULT_ANGLEOFFSET self._angleOrient = self.DEFAULT_ANGLEORIENT self._mode = mode self.undobuffer = None self.degrees() self._mode = None self._setmode(mode) TNavigator.reset(self) def reset(self): """reset turtle to its initial values Will be overwritten by parent class """ self._position = Vec2D(0.0, 0.0) self._orient = TNavigator.START_ORIENTATION[self._mode] def _setmode(self, mode=None): """Set turtle-mode to 'standard', 'world' or 'logo'. """ if mode is None: return self._mode if mode not in ["standard", "logo", "world"]: return self._mode = mode if mode in ["standard", "world"]: self._angleOffset = 0 self._angleOrient = 1 else: # mode == "logo": self._angleOffset = self._fullcircle/4. self._angleOrient = -1 def _setDegreesPerAU(self, fullcircle): """Helper function for degrees() and radians()""" self._fullcircle = fullcircle self._degreesPerAU = 360/fullcircle if self._mode == "standard": self._angleOffset = 0 else: self._angleOffset = fullcircle/4. def degrees(self, fullcircle=360.0): """ Set angle measurement units to degrees. Optional argument: fullcircle - a number Set angle measurement units, i. e. set number of 'degrees' for a full circle. Dafault value is 360 degrees. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.left(90) >>> turtle.heading() 90 Change angle measurement unit to grad (also known as gon, grade, or gradian and equals 1/100-th of the right angle.) >>> turtle.degrees(400.0) >>> turtle.heading() 100 """ self._setDegreesPerAU(fullcircle) def radians(self): """ Set the angle measurement units to radians. No arguments. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.heading() 90 >>> turtle.radians() >>> turtle.heading() 1.5707963267948966 """ self._setDegreesPerAU(2*math.pi) def _go(self, distance): """move turtle forward by specified distance""" #console.log('_go') ende = self._position + self._orient * distance self._goto(ende) def _rotate(self, angle): """Turn turtle counterclockwise by specified angle if angle > 0.""" #console.log('_rotate') angle *= self._degreesPerAU self._orient = self._orient.rotate(angle) def _goto(self, end): """move turtle to position end.""" #console.log('_goto') self._position = end def forward(self, distance): """Move the turtle forward by the specified distance. Aliases: forward | fd Argument: distance -- a number (integer or float) Move the turtle forward by the specified distance, in the direction the turtle is headed. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.position() (0.00, 0.00) >>> turtle.forward(25) >>> turtle.position() (25.00,0.00) >>> turtle.forward(-75) >>> turtle.position() (-50.00,0.00) """ self._go(distance) def back(self, distance): """Move the turtle backward by distance. Aliases: back | backward | bk Argument: distance -- a number Move the turtle backward by distance ,opposite to the direction the turtle is headed. Do not change the turtle's heading. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.position() (0.00, 0.00) >>> turtle.backward(30) >>> turtle.position() (-30.00, 0.00) """ self._go(-distance) def right(self, angle): """Turn turtle right by angle units. Aliases: right | rt Argument: angle -- a number (integer or float) Turn turtle right by angle units. (Units are by default degrees, but can be set via the degrees() and radians() functions.) Angle orientation depends on mode. (See this.) Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.heading() 22.0 >>> turtle.right(45) >>> turtle.heading() 337.0 """ self._rotate(-angle) def left(self, angle): """Turn turtle left by angle units. Aliases: left | lt Argument: angle -- a number (integer or float) Turn turtle left by angle units. (Units are by default degrees, but can be set via the degrees() and radians() functions.) Angle orientation depends on mode. (See this.) Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.heading() 22.0 >>> turtle.left(45) >>> turtle.heading() 67.0 """ self._rotate(angle) def pos(self): """Return the turtle's current location (x,y), as a Vec2D-vector. Aliases: pos | position No arguments. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.pos() (0.00, 240.00) """ return self._position def xcor(self): """ Return the turtle's x coordinate. No arguments. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> reset() >>> turtle.left(60) >>> turtle.forward(100) >>> print turtle.xcor() 50.0 """ return self._position[0] def ycor(self): """ Return the turtle's y coordinate --- No arguments. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> reset() >>> turtle.left(60) >>> turtle.forward(100) >>> print turtle.ycor() 86.6025403784 """ return self._position[1] def goto(self, x, y=None): """Move turtle to an absolute position. Aliases: setpos | setposition | goto: Arguments: x -- a number or a pair/vector of numbers y -- a number None call: goto(x, y) # two coordinates --or: goto((x, y)) # a pair (tuple) of coordinates --or: goto(vec) # e.g. as returned by pos() Move turtle to an absolute position. If the pen is down, a line will be drawn. The turtle's orientation does not change. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> tp = turtle.pos() >>> tp (0.00, 0.00) >>> turtle.setpos(60,30) >>> turtle.pos() (60.00,30.00) >>> turtle.setpos((20,80)) >>> turtle.pos() (20.00,80.00) >>> turtle.setpos(tp) >>> turtle.pos() (0.00,0.00) """ if y is None: self._goto(Vec2D(*x)) else: self._goto(Vec2D(x, y)) def home(self): """Move turtle to the origin - coordinates (0,0). No arguments. Move turtle to the origin - coordinates (0,0) and set its heading to its start-orientation (which depends on mode). Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.home() """ self.goto(0, 0) self.setheading(0) def setx(self, x): """Set the turtle's first coordinate to x Argument: x -- a number (integer or float) Set the turtle's first coordinate to x, leave second coordinate unchanged. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.position() (0.00, 240.00) >>> turtle.setx(10) >>> turtle.position() (10.00, 240.00) """ self._goto(Vec2D(x, self._position[1])) def sety(self, y): """Set the turtle's second coordinate to y Argument: y -- a number (integer or float) Set the turtle's first coordinate to x, second coordinate remains unchanged. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.position() (0.00, 40.00) >>> turtle.sety(-10) >>> turtle.position() (0.00, -10.00) """ self._goto(Vec2D(self._position[0], y)) def distance(self, x, y=None): """Return the distance from the turtle to (x,y) in turtle step units. Arguments: x -- a number or a pair/vector of numbers or a turtle instance y -- a number None None call: distance(x, y) # two coordinates --or: distance((x, y)) # a pair (tuple) of coordinates --or: distance(vec) # e.g. as returned by pos() --or: distance(mypen) # where mypen is another turtle Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.pos() (0.00, 0.00) >>> turtle.distance(30,40) 50.0 >>> pen = Turtle() >>> pen.forward(77) >>> turtle.distance(pen) 77.0 """ if y is not None: pos = Vec2D(x, y) if isinstance(x, Vec2D): pos = x elif isinstance(x, tuple): pos = Vec2D(*x) elif isinstance(x, TNavigator): pos = x._position return abs(pos - self._position) def towards(self, x, y=None): """Return the angle of the line from the turtle's position to (x, y). Arguments: x -- a number or a pair/vector of numbers or a turtle instance y -- a number None None call: distance(x, y) # two coordinates --or: distance((x, y)) # a pair (tuple) of coordinates --or: distance(vec) # e.g. as returned by pos() --or: distance(mypen) # where mypen is another turtle Return the angle, between the line from turtle-position to position specified by x, y and the turtle's start orientation. (Depends on modes - "standard" or "logo") Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.pos() (10.00, 10.00) >>> turtle.towards(0,0) 225.0 """ if y is not None: pos = Vec2D(x, y) if isinstance(x, Vec2D): pos = x elif isinstance(x, tuple): pos = Vec2D(*x) elif isinstance(x, TNavigator): pos = x._position x, y = pos - self._position result = round(math.atan2(y, x)*180.0/math.pi, 10) % 360.0 result /= self._degreesPerAU return (self._angleOffset + self._angleOrient*result) % self._fullcircle def heading(self): """ Return the turtle's current heading. No arguments. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.left(67) >>> turtle.heading() 67.0 """ x, y = self._orient result = round(math.atan2(y, x)*180.0/math.pi, 10) % 360.0 result /= self._degreesPerAU return (self._angleOffset + self._angleOrient*result) % self._fullcircle def setheading(self, to_angle): """Set the orientation of the turtle to to_angle. Aliases: setheading | seth Argument: to_angle -- a number (integer or float) Set the orientation of the turtle to to_angle. Here are some common directions in degrees: standard - mode: logo-mode: -------------------|-------------------- 0 - east 0 - north 90 - north 90 - east 180 - west 180 - south 270 - south 270 - west Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.setheading(90) >>> turtle.heading() 90 """ angle = (to_angle - self.heading())*self._angleOrient full = self._fullcircle angle = (angle+full/2.)%full - full/2. self._rotate(angle) def circle(self, radius, extent = None, steps = None): """ Draw a circle with given radius. Arguments: radius -- a number extent (optional) -- a number steps (optional) -- an integer Draw a circle with given radius. The center is radius units left of the turtle; extent - an angle - determines which part of the circle is drawn. If extent is not given, draw the entire circle. If extent is not a full circle, one endpoint of the arc is the current pen position. Draw the arc in counterclockwise direction if radius is positive, otherwise in clockwise direction. Finally the direction of the turtle is changed by the amount of extent. As the circle is approximated by an inscribed regular polygon, steps determines the number of steps to use. If not given, it will be calculated automatically. Maybe used to draw regular polygons. call: circle(radius) # full circle --or: circle(radius, extent) # arc --or: circle(radius, extent, steps) --or: circle(radius, steps=6) # 6-sided polygon Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.circle(50) >>> turtle.circle(120, 180) # semicircle """ if self.undobuffer: self.undobuffer.push(["seq"]) self.undobuffer.cumulate = True speed = self.speed() if extent is None: extent = self._fullcircle if steps is None: frac = abs(extent)/self._fullcircle steps = 1+int(min(11+abs(radius)/6.0, 59.0)*frac) w = 1.0 * extent / steps w2 = 0.5 * w l = 2.0 * radius * math.sin(w2*math.pi/180.0*self._degreesPerAU) if radius < 0: l, w, w2 = -l, -w, -w2 tr = self._tracer() dl = self._delay() if speed == 0: self._tracer(0, 0) else: self.speed(0) self._rotate(w2) for i in range(steps): self.speed(speed) self._go(l) self.speed(0) self._rotate(w) self._rotate(-w2) if speed == 0: self._tracer(tr, dl) self.speed(speed) if self.undobuffer: self.undobuffer.cumulate = False ## three dummy methods to be implemented by child class: def speed(self, s=0): """dummy method - to be overwritten by child class""" def _tracer(self, a=None, b=None): """dummy method - to be overwritten by child class""" def _delay(self, n=None): """dummy method - to be overwritten by child class""" fd = forward bk = back backward = back rt = right lt = left position = pos setpos = goto setposition = goto seth = setheading class TPen: """Drawing part of the RawTurtle. Implements drawing properties. """ def __init__(self, resizemode=_CFG["resizemode"]): self._resizemode = resizemode # or "user" or "noresize" self.undobuffer = None TPen._reset(self) def _reset(self, pencolor=_CFG["pencolor"], fillcolor=_CFG["fillcolor"]): self._pensize = 1 self._shown = True self._pencolor = pencolor self._fillcolor = fillcolor self._drawing = True self._speed = 3 self._stretchfactor = (1., 1.) self._shearfactor = 0. self._tilt = 0. self._shapetrafo = (1., 0., 0., 1.) self._outlinewidth = 1 def resizemode(self, rmode=None): """Set resizemode to one of the values: "auto", "user", "noresize". (Optional) Argument: rmode -- one of the strings "auto", "user", "noresize" Different resizemodes have the following effects: - "auto" adapts the appearance of the turtle corresponding to the value of pensize. - "user" adapts the appearance of the turtle according to the values of stretchfactor and outlinewidth (outline), which are set by shapesize() - "noresize" no adaption of the turtle's appearance takes place. If no argument is given, return current resizemode. resizemode("user") is called by a call of shapesize with arguments. Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.resizemode("noresize") >>> turtle.resizemode() 'noresize' """ if rmode is None: return self._resizemode rmode = rmode.lower() if rmode in ["auto", "user", "noresize"]: self.pen(resizemode=rmode) def pensize(self, width=None): """Set or return the line thickness. Aliases: pensize | width Argument: width -- positive number Set the line thickness to width or return it. If resizemode is set to "auto" and turtleshape is a polygon, that polygon is drawn with the same line thickness. If no argument is given, current pensize is returned. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.pensize() 1 >>> turtle.pensize(10) # from here on lines of width 10 are drawn """ if width is None: return self._pensize self.pen(pensize=width) def penup(self): """Pull the pen up -- no drawing when moving. Aliases: penup | pu | up No argument Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.penup() """ if not self._drawing: return self.pen(pendown=False) def pendown(self): """Pull the pen down -- drawing when moving. Aliases: pendown | pd | down No argument. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.pendown() """ if self._drawing: return self.pen(pendown=True) def isdown(self): """Return True if pen is down, False if it's up. No argument. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.penup() >>> turtle.isdown() False >>> turtle.pendown() >>> turtle.isdown() True """ return self._drawing def speed(self, speed=None): """ Return or set the turtle's speed. Optional argument: speed -- an integer in the range 0..10 or a speedstring (see below) Set the turtle's speed to an integer value in the range 0 .. 10. If no argument is given: return current speed. If input is a number greater than 10 or smaller than 0.5, speed is set to 0. Speedstrings are mapped to speedvalues in the following way: 'fastest' : 0 'fast' : 10 'normal' : 6 'slow' : 3 'slowest' : 1 speeds from 1 to 10 enforce increasingly faster animation of line drawing and turtle turning. Attention: speed = 0 : *no* animation takes place. forward/back makes turtle jump and likewise left/right make the turtle turn instantly. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.speed(3) """ speeds = {'fastest':0, 'fast':10, 'normal':6, 'slow':3, 'slowest':1 } if speed is None: return self._speed if speed in speeds: speed = speeds[speed] elif 0.5 < speed < 10.5: speed = int(round(speed)) else: speed = 0 self.pen(speed=speed) def color(self, *args): """Return or set the pencolor and fillcolor. Arguments: Several input formats are allowed. They use 0, 1, 2, or 3 arguments as follows: color() Return the current pencolor and the current fillcolor as a pair of color specification strings as are returned by pencolor and fillcolor. color(colorstring), color((r,g,b)), color(r,g,b) inputs as in pencolor, set both, fillcolor and pencolor, to the given value. color(colorstring1, colorstring2), color((r1,g1,b1), (r2,g2,b2)) equivalent to pencolor(colorstring1) and fillcolor(colorstring2) and analogously, if the other input format is used. If turtleshape is a polygon, outline and interior of that polygon is drawn with the newly set colors. For mor info see: pencolor, fillcolor Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.color('red', 'green') >>> turtle.color() ('red', 'green') >>> colormode(255) >>> color((40, 80, 120), (160, 200, 240)) >>> color() ('#285078', '#a0c8f0') """ if args: l = len(args) if l == 1: pcolor = fcolor = args[0] elif l == 2: pcolor, fcolor = args elif l == 3: pcolor = fcolor = args pcolor = self._colorstr(pcolor) fcolor = self._colorstr(fcolor) self.pen(pencolor=pcolor, fillcolor=fcolor) else: return self._color(self._pencolor), self._color(self._fillcolor) def pencolor(self, *args): """ Return or set the pencolor. Arguments: Four input formats are allowed: - pencolor() Return the current pencolor as color specification string, possibly in hex-number format (see example). May be used as input to another color/pencolor/fillcolor call. - pencolor(colorstring) s is a Tk color specification string, such as "red" or "yellow" - pencolor((r, g, b)) *a tuple* of r, g, and b, which represent, an RGB color, and each of r, g, and b are in the range 0..colormode, where colormode is either 1.0 or 255 - pencolor(r, g, b) r, g, and b represent an RGB color, and each of r, g, and b are in the range 0..colormode If turtleshape is a polygon, the outline of that polygon is drawn with the newly set pencolor. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.pencolor('brown') >>> tup = (0.2, 0.8, 0.55) >>> turtle.pencolor(tup) >>> turtle.pencolor() '#33cc8c' """ if args: color = self._colorstr(args) if color == self._pencolor: return self.pen(pencolor=color) else: return self._color(self._pencolor) def fillcolor(self, *args): """ Return or set the fillcolor. Arguments: Four input formats are allowed: - fillcolor() Return the current fillcolor as color specification string, possibly in hex-number format (see example). May be used as input to another color/pencolor/fillcolor call. - fillcolor(colorstring) s is a Tk color specification string, such as "red" or "yellow" - fillcolor((r, g, b)) *a tuple* of r, g, and b, which represent, an RGB color, and each of r, g, and b are in the range 0..colormode, where colormode is either 1.0 or 255 - fillcolor(r, g, b) r, g, and b represent an RGB color, and each of r, g, and b are in the range 0..colormode If turtleshape is a polygon, the interior of that polygon is drawn with the newly set fillcolor. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.fillcolor('violet') >>> col = turtle.pencolor() >>> turtle.fillcolor(col) >>> turtle.fillcolor(0, .5, 0) """ if args: color = self._colorstr(args) if color == self._fillcolor: return self.pen(fillcolor=color) else: return self._color(self._fillcolor) def showturtle(self): """Makes the turtle visible. Aliases: showturtle | st No argument. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.hideturtle() >>> turtle.showturtle() """ self.pen(shown=True) def hideturtle(self): """Makes the turtle invisible. Aliases: hideturtle | ht No argument. It's a good idea to do this while you're in the middle of a complicated drawing, because hiding the turtle speeds up the drawing observably. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.hideturtle() """ self.pen(shown=False) def isvisible(self): """Return True if the Turtle is shown, False if it's hidden. No argument. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.hideturtle() >>> print turtle.isvisible(): False """ return self._shown def pen(self, pen=None, **pendict): """Return or set the pen's attributes. Arguments: pen -- a dictionary with some or all of the below listed keys. **pendict -- one or more keyword-arguments with the below listed keys as keywords. Return or set the pen's attributes in a 'pen-dictionary' with the following key/value pairs: "shown" : True/False "pendown" : True/False "pencolor" : color-string or color-tuple "fillcolor" : color-string or color-tuple "pensize" : positive number "speed" : number in range 0..10 "resizemode" : "auto" or "user" or "noresize" "stretchfactor": (positive number, positive number) "shearfactor": number "outline" : positive number "tilt" : number This dictionary can be used as argument for a subsequent pen()-call to restore the former pen-state. Moreover one or more of these attributes can be provided as keyword-arguments. This can be used to set several pen attributes in one statement. Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.pen(fillcolor="black", pencolor="red", pensize=10) >>> turtle.pen() {'pensize': 10, 'shown': True, 'resizemode': 'auto', 'outline': 1, 'pencolor': 'red', 'pendown': True, 'fillcolor': 'black', 'stretchfactor': (1,1), 'speed': 3, 'shearfactor': 0.0} >>> penstate=turtle.pen() >>> turtle.color("yellow","") >>> turtle.penup() >>> turtle.pen() {'pensize': 10, 'shown': True, 'resizemode': 'auto', 'outline': 1, 'pencolor': 'yellow', 'pendown': False, 'fillcolor': '', 'stretchfactor': (1,1), 'speed': 3, 'shearfactor': 0.0} >>> p.pen(penstate, fillcolor="green") >>> p.pen() {'pensize': 10, 'shown': True, 'resizemode': 'auto', 'outline': 1, 'pencolor': 'red', 'pendown': True, 'fillcolor': 'green', 'stretchfactor': (1,1), 'speed': 3, 'shearfactor': 0.0} """ _pd = {"shown" : self._shown, "pendown" : self._drawing, "pencolor" : self._pencolor, "fillcolor" : self._fillcolor, "pensize" : self._pensize, "speed" : self._speed, "resizemode" : self._resizemode, "stretchfactor" : self._stretchfactor, "shearfactor" : self._shearfactor, "outline" : self._outlinewidth, "tilt" : self._tilt } #console.log('pen') if not (pen or pendict): return _pd if isinstance(pen, dict): p = pen else: p = {} p.update(pendict) _p_buf = {} for key in p: _p_buf[key] = _pd[key] if self.undobuffer: self.undobuffer.push(("pen", _p_buf)) newLine = False if "pendown" in p: if self._drawing != p["pendown"]: newLine = True if "pencolor" in p: if isinstance(p["pencolor"], tuple): p["pencolor"] = self._colorstr((p["pencolor"],)) if self._pencolor != p["pencolor"]: newLine = True if "pensize" in p: if self._pensize != p["pensize"]: newLine = True if newLine: self._newLine() if "pendown" in p: self._drawing = p["pendown"] if "pencolor" in p: self._pencolor = p["pencolor"] if "pensize" in p: self._pensize = p["pensize"] if "fillcolor" in p: if isinstance(p["fillcolor"], tuple): p["fillcolor"] = self._colorstr((p["fillcolor"],)) self._fillcolor = p["fillcolor"] if "speed" in p: self._speed = p["speed"] if "resizemode" in p: self._resizemode = p["resizemode"] if "stretchfactor" in p: sf = p["stretchfactor"] if isinstance(sf, (int, float)): sf = (sf, sf) self._stretchfactor = sf if "shearfactor" in p: self._shearfactor = p["shearfactor"] if "outline" in p: self._outlinewidth = p["outline"] if "shown" in p: self._shown = p["shown"] if "tilt" in p: self._tilt = p["tilt"] if "stretchfactor" in p or "tilt" in p or "shearfactor" in p: scx, scy = self._stretchfactor shf = self._shearfactor sa, ca = math.sin(self._tilt), math.cos(self._tilt) self._shapetrafo = ( scx*ca, scy*(shf*ca + sa), -scx*sa, scy*(ca - shf*sa)) self._update() ## three dummy methods to be implemented by child class: def _newLine(self, usePos = True): """dummy method - to be overwritten by child class""" def _update(self, count=True, forced=False): """dummy method - to be overwritten by child class""" def _color(self, args): """dummy method - to be overwritten by child class""" def _colorstr(self, args): """dummy method - to be overwritten by child class""" width = pensize up = penup pu = penup pd = pendown down = pendown st = showturtle ht = hideturtle class _TurtleImage: """Helper class: Datatype to store Turtle attributes """ def __init__(self, screen, shapeIndex): self.screen = screen self._type = None self._setshape(shapeIndex) def _setshape(self, shapeIndex): #console.log("_setshape", self._type) screen = self.screen self.shapeIndex = shapeIndex if self._type == "polygon" == screen._shapes[shapeIndex]._type: return if self._type == "image" == screen._shapes[shapeIndex]._type: return if self._type in ["image", "polygon"]: screen._delete(self._item) elif self._type == "compound": for item in self._item: screen._delete(item) self._type = screen._shapes[shapeIndex]._type return #console.log(self._type) if self._type == "polygon": self._item = screen._createpoly() elif self._type == "image": self._item = screen._createimage(screen._shapes["blank"]._data) elif self._type == "compound": self._item = [screen._createpoly() for item in screen._shapes[shapeIndex]._data] #console.log(self._item) class RawTurtle(TPen, TNavigator): """Animation part of the RawTurtle. Puts RawTurtle upon a TurtleScreen and provides tools for its animation. """ screens = [] def __init__(self, canvas=None, shape=_CFG["shape"], undobuffersize=_CFG["undobuffersize"], visible=_CFG["visible"]): if isinstance(canvas, _Screen): self.screen = canvas elif isinstance(canvas, TurtleScreen): if canvas not in RawTurtle.screens: RawTurtle.screens.append(canvas) self.screen = canvas #elif isinstance(canvas, (ScrolledCanvas, Canvas)): # for screen in RawTurtle.screens: # if screen.cv == canvas: # self.screen = screen # break # else: # self.screen = TurtleScreen(canvas) # RawTurtle.screens.append(self.screen) else: raise TurtleGraphicsError("bad canvas argument %s" % canvas) screen = self.screen TNavigator.__init__(self, screen.mode()) TPen.__init__(self) screen._turtles.append(self) #self.drawingLineItem = screen._createline() self.turtle = _TurtleImage(screen, shape) self._poly = None self._creatingPoly = False self._fillitem = self._fillpath = None self._shown = visible self._hidden_from_screen = False #self.currentLineItem = screen._createline() self.currentLine = [self._position] #self.items = [] #[self.currentLineItem] self.stampItems = [] self._undobuffersize = undobuffersize self.undobuffer = None #Tbuffer(undobuffersize) #self._update() def reset(self): """Delete the turtle's drawings and restore its default values. No argument. Delete the turtle's drawings from the screen, re-center the turtle and set variables to the default values. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.position() (0.00,-22.00) >>> turtle.heading() 100.0 >>> turtle.reset() >>> turtle.position() (0.00,0.00) >>> turtle.heading() 0.0 """ TNavigator.reset(self) TPen._reset(self) self._clear() self._drawturtle() #self._update() def setundobuffer(self, size): """Set or disable undobuffer. Argument: size -- an integer or None If size is an integer an empty undobuffer of given size is installed. Size gives the maximum number of turtle-actions that can be undone by the undo() function. If size is None, no undobuffer is present. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.setundobuffer(42) """ if size is None: self.undobuffer = None else: self.undobuffer = Tbuffer(size) def undobufferentries(self): """Return count of entries in the undobuffer. No argument. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> while undobufferentries(): ... undo() """ if self.undobuffer is None: return 0 return self.undobuffer.nr_of_items() def _clear(self): """Delete all of pen's drawings""" self._fillitem = self._fillpath = None #for item in self.items: # self.screen._delete(item) #self.currentLineItem = #self.screen._createline() self.currentLine = [] if self._drawing: self.currentLine.append(self._position) #self.items = [self.currentLineItem] self.clearstamps() #self.setundobuffer(self._undobuffersize) def clear(self): """Delete the turtle's drawings from the screen. Do not move turtle. No arguments. Delete the turtle's drawings from the screen. Do not move turtle. State and position of the turtle as well as drawings of other turtles are not affected. Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.clear() """ self._clear() #self._update() #def _update_data(self): # self.screen._incrementudc() # if self.screen._updatecounter != 0: # return # if len(self.currentLine)>1: # self.screen._drawline(self.currentLineItem, self.currentLine, # self._pencolor, self._pensize) def _update(self): """Perform a Turtle-data update. """ return screen = self.screen if screen._tracing == 0: return elif screen._tracing == 1: #self._update_data() self._drawturtle() #screen._update() # TurtleScreenBase #screen._delay(screen._delayvalue) # TurtleScreenBase else: #self._update_data() if screen._updatecounter == 0: for t in screen.turtles(): t._drawturtle() #screen._update() def _tracer(self, flag=None, delay=None): """Turns turtle animation on/off and set delay for update drawings. Optional arguments: n -- nonnegative integer delay -- nonnegative integer If n is given, only each n-th regular screen update is really performed. (Can be used to accelerate the drawing of complex graphics.) Second arguments sets delay value (see RawTurtle.delay()) Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.tracer(8, 25) >>> dist = 2 >>> for i in range(200): ... turtle.fd(dist) ... turtle.rt(90) ... dist += 2 """ return self.screen.tracer(flag, delay) def _color(self, args): return self.screen._color(args) def _colorstr(self, args): return self.screen._colorstr(args) def _cc(self, args): """Convert colortriples to hexstrings. """ if isinstance(args, str): return args try: r, g, b = args except: raise TurtleGraphicsError("bad color arguments: %s" % str(args)) if self.screen._colormode == 1.0: r, g, b = [round(255.0*x) for x in (r, g, b)] if not ((0 <= r <= 255) and (0 <= g <= 255) and (0 <= b <= 255)): raise TurtleGraphicsError("bad color sequence: %s" % str(args)) return "#%02x%02x%02x" % (r, g, b) def shape(self, name=None): """Set turtle shape to shape with given name / return current shapename. Optional argument: name -- a string, which is a valid shapename Set turtle shape to shape with given name or, if name is not given, return name of current shape. Shape with name must exist in the TurtleScreen's shape dictionary. Initially there are the following polygon shapes: 'arrow', 'turtle', 'circle', 'square', 'triangle', 'classic'. To learn about how to deal with shapes see Screen-method register_shape. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.shape() 'arrow' >>> turtle.shape("turtle") >>> turtle.shape() 'turtle' """ if name is None: return self.turtle.shapeIndex if not name in self.screen.getshapes(): raise TurtleGraphicsError("There is no shape named %s" % name) self.turtle._setshape(name) #self._update() def shapesize(self, stretch_wid=None, stretch_len=None, outline=None): """Set/return turtle's stretchfactors/outline. Set resizemode to "user". Optional arguments: stretch_wid : positive number stretch_len : positive number outline : positive number Return or set the pen's attributes x/y-stretchfactors and/or outline. Set resizemode to "user". If and only if resizemode is set to "user", the turtle will be displayed stretched according to its stretchfactors: stretch_wid is stretchfactor perpendicular to orientation stretch_len is stretchfactor in direction of turtles orientation. outline determines the width of the shapes's outline. Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.resizemode("user") >>> turtle.shapesize(5, 5, 12) >>> turtle.shapesize(outline=8) """ if stretch_wid is stretch_len is outline is None: stretch_wid, stretch_len = self._stretchfactor return stretch_wid, stretch_len, self._outlinewidth if stretch_wid == 0 or stretch_len == 0: raise TurtleGraphicsError("stretch_wid/stretch_len must not be zero") if stretch_wid is not None: if stretch_len is None: stretchfactor = stretch_wid, stretch_wid else: stretchfactor = stretch_wid, stretch_len elif stretch_len is not None: stretchfactor = self._stretchfactor[0], stretch_len else: stretchfactor = self._stretchfactor if outline is None: outline = self._outlinewidth self.pen(resizemode="user", stretchfactor=stretchfactor, outline=outline) def shearfactor(self, shear=None): """Set or return the current shearfactor. Optional argument: shear -- number, tangent of the shear angle Shear the turtleshape according to the given shearfactor shear, which is the tangent of the shear angle. DO NOT change the turtle's heading (direction of movement). If shear is not given: return the current shearfactor, i. e. the tangent of the shear angle, by which lines parallel to the heading of the turtle are sheared. Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.shape("circle") >>> turtle.shapesize(5,2) >>> turtle.shearfactor(0.5) >>> turtle.shearfactor() >>> 0.5 """ if shear is None: return self._shearfactor self.pen(resizemode="user", shearfactor=shear) def settiltangle(self, angle): """Rotate the turtleshape to point in the specified direction Argument: angle -- number Rotate the turtleshape to point in the direction specified by angle, regardless of its current tilt-angle. DO NOT change the turtle's heading (direction of movement). Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.shape("circle") >>> turtle.shapesize(5,2) >>> turtle.settiltangle(45) >>> stamp() >>> turtle.fd(50) >>> turtle.settiltangle(-45) >>> stamp() >>> turtle.fd(50) """ tilt = -angle * self._degreesPerAU * self._angleOrient tilt = (tilt * math.pi / 180.0) % (2*math.pi) self.pen(resizemode="user", tilt=tilt) def tiltangle(self, angle=None): """Set or return the current tilt-angle. Optional argument: angle -- number Rotate the turtleshape to point in the direction specified by angle, regardless of its current tilt-angle. DO NOT change the turtle's heading (direction of movement). If angle is not given: return the current tilt-angle, i. e. the angle between the orientation of the turtleshape and the heading of the turtle (its direction of movement). Deprecated since Python 3.1 Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.shape("circle") >>> turtle.shapesize(5,2) >>> turtle.tilt(45) >>> turtle.tiltangle() """ if angle is None: tilt = -self._tilt * (180.0/math.pi) * self._angleOrient return (tilt / self._degreesPerAU) % self._fullcircle else: self.settiltangle(angle) def tilt(self, angle): """Rotate the turtleshape by angle. Argument: angle - a number Rotate the turtleshape by angle from its current tilt-angle, but do NOT change the turtle's heading (direction of movement). Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.shape("circle") >>> turtle.shapesize(5,2) >>> turtle.tilt(30) >>> turtle.fd(50) >>> turtle.tilt(30) >>> turtle.fd(50) """ self.settiltangle(angle + self.tiltangle()) def shapetransform(self, t11=None, t12=None, t21=None, t22=None): """Set or return the current transformation matrix of the turtle shape. Optional arguments: t11, t12, t21, t22 -- numbers. If none of the matrix elements are given, return the transformation matrix. Otherwise set the given elements and transform the turtleshape according to the matrix consisting of first row t11, t12 and second row t21, 22. Modify stretchfactor, shearfactor and tiltangle according to the given matrix. Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.shape("square") >>> turtle.shapesize(4,2) >>> turtle.shearfactor(-0.5) >>> turtle.shapetransform() (4.0, -1.0, -0.0, 2.0) """ #console.log("shapetransform") if t11 is t12 is t21 is t22 is None: return self._shapetrafo m11, m12, m21, m22 = self._shapetrafo if t11 is not None: m11 = t11 if t12 is not None: m12 = t12 if t21 is not None: m21 = t21 if t22 is not None: m22 = t22 if t11 * t22 - t12 * t21 == 0: raise TurtleGraphicsError("Bad shape transform matrix: must not be singular") self._shapetrafo = (m11, m12, m21, m22) alfa = math.atan2(-m21, m11) % (2 * math.pi) sa, ca = math.sin(alfa), math.cos(alfa) a11, a12, a21, a22 = (ca*m11 - sa*m21, ca*m12 - sa*m22, sa*m11 + ca*m21, sa*m12 + ca*m22) self._stretchfactor = a11, a22 self._shearfactor = a12/a22 self._tilt = alfa self._update() def _polytrafo(self, poly): """Computes transformed polygon shapes from a shape according to current position and heading. """ screen = self.screen p0, p1 = self._position e0, e1 = self._orient e = Vec2D(e0, e1 * screen.yscale / screen.xscale) e0, e1 = (1.0 / abs(e)) * e return [(p0+(e1*x+e0*y)/screen.xscale, p1+(-e0*x+e1*y)/screen.yscale) for (x, y) in poly] def get_shapepoly(self): """Return the current shape polygon as tuple of coordinate pairs. No argument. Examples (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.shape("square") >>> turtle.shapetransform(4, -1, 0, 2) >>> turtle.get_shapepoly() ((50, -20), (30, 20), (-50, 20), (-30, -20)) """ shape = self.screen._shapes[self.turtle.shapeIndex] if shape._type == "polygon": return self._getshapepoly(shape._data, shape._type == "compound") # else return None def _getshapepoly(self, polygon, compound=False): """Calculate transformed shape polygon according to resizemode and shapetransform. """ if self._resizemode == "user" or compound: t11, t12, t21, t22 = self._shapetrafo elif self._resizemode == "auto": l = max(1, self._pensize/5.0) t11, t12, t21, t22 = l, 0, 0, l elif self._resizemode == "noresize": return polygon return tuple([(t11*x + t12*y, t21*x + t22*y) for (x, y) in polygon]) def _drawturtle(self): """Manages the correct rendering of the turtle with respect to its shape, resizemode, stretch and tilt etc.""" return ############################## stamp stuff ############################### def stamp(self): """Stamp a copy of the turtleshape onto the canvas and return its id. No argument. Stamp a copy of the turtle shape onto the canvas at the current turtle position. Return a stamp_id for that stamp, which can be used to delete it by calling clearstamp(stamp_id). Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.color("blue") >>> turtle.stamp() 13 >>> turtle.fd(50) """ screen = self.screen shape = screen._shapes[self.turtle.shapeIndex] ttype = shape._type tshape = shape._data if ttype == "polygon": stitem = screen._createpoly() if self._resizemode == "noresize": w = 1 elif self._resizemode == "auto": w = self._pensize else: w =self._outlinewidth shape = self._polytrafo(self._getshapepoly(tshape)) fc, oc = self._fillcolor, self._pencolor screen._drawpoly(stitem, shape, fill=fc, outline=oc, width=w, top=True) elif ttype == "image": stitem = screen._createimage("") screen._drawimage(stitem, self._position, tshape) elif ttype == "compound": stitem = [] for element in tshape: item = screen._createpoly() stitem.append(item) stitem = tuple(stitem) for item, (poly, fc, oc) in zip(stitem, tshape): poly = self._polytrafo(self._getshapepoly(poly, True)) screen._drawpoly(item, poly, fill=self._cc(fc), outline=self._cc(oc), width=self._outlinewidth, top=True) self.stampItems.append(stitem) self.undobuffer.push(("stamp", stitem)) return stitem def _clearstamp(self, stampid): """does the work for clearstamp() and clearstamps() """ if stampid in self.stampItems: if isinstance(stampid, tuple): for subitem in stampid: self.screen._delete(subitem) else: self.screen._delete(stampid) self.stampItems.remove(stampid) # Delete stampitem from undobuffer if necessary # if clearstamp is called directly. item = ("stamp", stampid) buf = self.undobuffer if item not in buf.buffer: return index = buf.buffer.index(item) buf.buffer.remove(item) if index <= buf.ptr: buf.ptr = (buf.ptr - 1) % buf.bufsize buf.buffer.insert((buf.ptr+1)%buf.bufsize, [None]) def clearstamp(self, stampid): """Delete stamp with given stampid Argument: stampid - an integer, must be return value of previous stamp() call. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.color("blue") >>> astamp = turtle.stamp() >>> turtle.fd(50) >>> turtle.clearstamp(astamp) """ self._clearstamp(stampid) self._update() def clearstamps(self, n=None): """Delete all or first/last n of turtle's stamps. Optional argument: n -- an integer If n is None, delete all of pen's stamps, else if n > 0 delete first n stamps else if n < 0 delete last n stamps. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> for i in range(8): ... turtle.stamp(); turtle.fd(30) ... >>> turtle.clearstamps(2) >>> turtle.clearstamps(-2) >>> turtle.clearstamps() """ if n is None: toDelete = self.stampItems[:] elif n >= 0: toDelete = self.stampItems[:n] else: toDelete = self.stampItems[n:] for item in toDelete: self._clearstamp(item) self._update() def _goto(self, end): """Move the pen to the point end, thereby drawing a line if pen is down. All other methods for turtle movement depend on this one. """ if self._speed and self.screen._tracing == 1: if self._drawing: #console.log('%s:%s:%s:%s:%s' % (self, start, end, self._pencolor, # self._pensize)) self.screen._drawline(self, #please remove me eventually (self._position, end), self._pencolor, self._pensize, False) if isinstance(self._fillpath, list): self._fillpath.append(end) ###### vererbung!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! self._position = end def _rotate(self, angle): """Turns pen clockwise by angle. """ #console.log('_rotate') if self.undobuffer: self.undobuffer.push(("rot", angle, self._degreesPerAU)) angle *= self._degreesPerAU neworient = self._orient.rotate(angle) tracing = self.screen._tracing self._orient = neworient #self._update() def _newLine(self, usePos=True): """Closes current line item and starts a new one. Remark: if current line became too long, animation performance (via _drawline) slowed down considerably. """ #console.log('_newLine') return def filling(self): """Return fillstate (True if filling, False else). No argument. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.begin_fill() >>> if turtle.filling(): ... turtle.pensize(5) ... else: ... turtle.pensize(3) """ return isinstance(self._fillpath, list) def begin_fill(self): """Called just before drawing a shape to be filled. No argument. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.color("black", "red") >>> turtle.begin_fill() >>> turtle.circle(60) >>> turtle.end_fill() """ if not self.filling(): self._fillitem = self.screen._createpoly() #self.items.append(self._fillitem) self._fillpath = [self._position] #self._newLine() if self.undobuffer: self.undobuffer.push(("beginfill", self._fillitem)) #self._update() def end_fill(self): """Fill the shape drawn after the call begin_fill(). No argument. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.color("black", "red") >>> turtle.begin_fill() >>> turtle.circle(60) >>> turtle.end_fill() """ if self.filling(): if len(self._fillpath) > 2: self.screen._drawpoly(self._fillitem, self._fillpath, fill=self._fillcolor) if self.undobuffer: self.undobuffer.push(("dofill", self._fillitem)) self._fillitem = self._fillpath = None self._update() def dot(self, size=None, *color): """Draw a dot with diameter size, using color. Optional arguments: size -- an integer >= 1 (if given) color -- a colorstring or a numeric color tuple Draw a circular dot with diameter size, using color. If size is not given, the maximum of pensize+4 and 2*pensize is used. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.dot() >>> turtle.fd(50); turtle.dot(20, "blue"); turtle.fd(50) """ if not color: if isinstance(size, (str, tuple)): color = self._colorstr(size) size = self._pensize + max(self._pensize, 4) else: color = self._pencolor if not size: size = self._pensize + max(self._pensize, 4) else: if size is None: size = self._pensize + max(self._pensize, 4) color = self._colorstr(color) if hasattr(self.screen, "_dot"): item = self.screen._dot(self._position, size, color) #self.items.append(item) if self.undobuffer: self.undobuffer.push(("dot", item)) else: pen = self.pen() if self.undobuffer: self.undobuffer.push(["seq"]) self.undobuffer.cumulate = True try: if self.resizemode() == 'auto': self.ht() self.pendown() self.pensize(size) self.pencolor(color) self.forward(0) finally: self.pen(pen) if self.undobuffer: self.undobuffer.cumulate = False def _write(self, txt, align, font): """Performs the writing for write() """ item, end = self.screen._write(self._position, txt, align, font, self._pencolor) #self.items.append(item) if self.undobuffer: self.undobuffer.push(("wri", item)) return end def write(self, arg, move=False, align="left", font=("Arial", 8, "normal")): """Write text at the current turtle position. Arguments: arg -- info, which is to be written to the TurtleScreen move (optional) -- True/False align (optional) -- one of the strings "left", "center" or right" font (optional) -- a triple (fontname, fontsize, fonttype) Write text - the string representation of arg - at the current turtle position according to align ("left", "center" or right") and with the given font. If move is True, the pen is moved to the bottom-right corner of the text. By default, move is False. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.write('Home = ', True, align="center") >>> turtle.write((0,0), True) """ if self.undobuffer: self.undobuffer.push(["seq"]) self.undobuffer.cumulate = True end = self._write(str(arg), align.lower(), font) if move: x, y = self.pos() self.setpos(end, y) if self.undobuffer: self.undobuffer.cumulate = False def begin_poly(self): """Start recording the vertices of a polygon. No argument. Start recording the vertices of a polygon. Current turtle position is first point of polygon. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.begin_poly() """ self._poly = [self._position] self._creatingPoly = True def end_poly(self): """Stop recording the vertices of a polygon. No argument. Stop recording the vertices of a polygon. Current turtle position is last point of polygon. This will be connected with the first point. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> turtle.end_poly() """ self._creatingPoly = False def get_poly(self): """Return the lastly recorded polygon. No argument. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> p = turtle.get_poly() >>> turtle.register_shape("myFavouriteShape", p) """ ## check if there is any poly? if self._poly is not None: return tuple(self._poly) def getscreen(self): """Return the TurtleScreen object, the turtle is drawing on. No argument. Return the TurtleScreen object, the turtle is drawing on. So TurtleScreen-methods can be called for that object. Example (for a Turtle instance named turtle): >>> ts = turtle.getscreen() >>> ts <turtle.TurtleScreen object at 0x0106B770> >>> ts.bgcolor("pink") """ return self.screen def getturtle(self): """Return the Turtleobject itself. No argument. Only reasonable use: as a function to return the 'anonymous turtle': Example: >>> pet = getturtle() >>> pet.fd(50) >>> pet <turtle.Turtle object at 0x0187D810> >>> turtles() [<turtle.Turtle object at 0x0187D810>] """ return self getpen = getturtle ################################################################ ### screen oriented methods recurring to methods of TurtleScreen ################################################################ def _delay(self, delay=None): """Set delay value which determines speed of turtle animation. """ return self.screen.delay(delay) turtlesize = shapesize RawPen = RawTurtle ### Screen - Singleton ######################## def Screen(): """Return the singleton screen object. If none exists at the moment, create a new one and return it, else return the existing one.""" if Turtle._screen is None: Turtle._screen = _Screen() return Turtle._screen class _Screen(TurtleScreen): _root = None _canvas = None _title = _CFG["title"] def __init__(self): # XXX there is no need for this code to be conditional, # as there will be only a single _Screen instance, anyway # XXX actually, the turtle demo is injecting root window, # so perhaps the conditional creation of a root should be # preserved (perhaps by passing it as an optional parameter) if _Screen._root is None: _Screen._root = self._root = _Root() #self._root.title(_Screen._title) #self._root.ondestroy(self._destroy) if _Screen._canvas is None: width = _CFG["width"] height = _CFG["height"] canvwidth = _CFG["canvwidth"] canvheight = _CFG["canvheight"] leftright = _CFG["leftright"] topbottom = _CFG["topbottom"] self._root.setupcanvas(width, height, canvwidth, canvheight) _Screen._canvas = self._root._getcanvas() TurtleScreen.__init__(self, _Screen._canvas) self.setup(width, height, leftright, topbottom) def end(self): self._root.end() def setup(self, width=_CFG["width"], height=_CFG["height"], startx=_CFG["leftright"], starty=_CFG["topbottom"]): """ Set the size and position of the main window. Arguments: width: as integer a size in pixels, as float a fraction of the screen. Default is 50% of screen. height: as integer the height in pixels, as float a fraction of the screen. Default is 75% of screen. startx: if positive, starting position in pixels from the left edge of the screen, if negative from the right edge Default, startx=None is to center window horizontally. starty: if positive, starting position in pixels from the top edge of the screen, if negative from the bottom edge Default, starty=None is to center window vertically. Examples (for a Screen instance named screen): >>> screen.setup (width=200, height=200, startx=0, starty=0) sets window to 200x200 pixels, in upper left of screen >>> screen.setup(width=.75, height=0.5, startx=None, starty=None) sets window to 75% of screen by 50% of screen and centers """ if not hasattr(self._root, "set_geometry"): return sw = self._root.win_width() sh = self._root.win_height() if isinstance(width, float) and 0 <= width <= 1: width = sw*width if startx is None: startx = (sw - width) / 2 if isinstance(height, float) and 0 <= height <= 1: height = sh*height if starty is None: starty = (sh - height) / 2 self._root.set_geometry(width, height, startx, starty) self.update() class Turtle(RawTurtle): """RawTurtle auto-creating (scrolled) canvas. When a Turtle object is created or a function derived from some Turtle method is called a TurtleScreen object is automatically created. """ _pen = None _screen = None def __init__(self, shape=_CFG["shape"], undobuffersize=_CFG["undobuffersize"], visible=_CFG["visible"]): if Turtle._screen is None: Turtle._screen = Screen() RawTurtle.__init__(self, Turtle._screen, shape=shape, undobuffersize=undobuffersize, visible=visible) Pen = Turtle def _getpen(): """Create the 'anonymous' turtle if not already present.""" if Turtle._pen is None: Turtle._pen = Turtle() return Turtle._pen def _getscreen(): """Create a TurtleScreen if not already present.""" if Turtle._screen is None: Turtle._screen = Screen() return Turtle._screen if __name__ == "__main__": def switchpen(): if isdown(): pu() else: pd() def demo1(): """Demo of old turtle.py - module""" reset() tracer(True) up() backward(100) down() # draw 3 squares; the last filled width(3) for i in range(3): if i == 2: begin_fill() for _ in range(4): forward(20) left(90) if i == 2: color("maroon") end_fill() up() forward(30) down() width(1) color("black") # move out of the way tracer(False) up() right(90) forward(100) right(90) forward(100) right(180) down() # some text write("startstart", 1) write("start", 1) color("red") # staircase for i in range(5): forward(20) left(90) forward(20) right(90) # filled staircase tracer(True) begin_fill() for i in range(5): forward(20) left(90) forward(20) right(90) end_fill() # more text def demo2(): """Demo of some new features.""" speed(1) st() pensize(3) setheading(towards(0, 0)) radius = distance(0, 0)/2.0 rt(90) for _ in range(18): switchpen() circle(radius, 10) write("wait a moment...") while undobufferentries(): undo() reset() lt(90) colormode(255) laenge = 10 pencolor("green") pensize(3) lt(180) for i in range(-2, 16): if i > 0: begin_fill() fillcolor(255-15*i, 0, 15*i) for _ in range(3): fd(laenge) lt(120) end_fill() laenge += 10 lt(15) speed((speed()+1)%12) #end_fill() lt(120) pu() fd(70) rt(30) pd() color("red","yellow") speed(0) begin_fill() for _ in range(4): circle(50, 90) rt(90) fd(30) rt(90) end_fill() lt(90) pu() fd(30) pd() shape("turtle") tri = getturtle() tri.resizemode("auto") turtle = Turtle() turtle.resizemode("auto") turtle.shape("turtle") turtle.reset() turtle.left(90) turtle.speed(0) turtle.up() turtle.goto(280, 40) turtle.lt(30) turtle.down() turtle.speed(6) turtle.color("blue","orange") turtle.pensize(2) tri.speed(6) setheading(towards(turtle)) count = 1 while tri.distance(turtle) > 4: turtle.fd(3.5) turtle.lt(0.6) tri.setheading(tri.towards(turtle)) tri.fd(4) if count % 20 == 0: turtle.stamp() tri.stamp() switchpen() count += 1 tri.write("CAUGHT! ", font=("Arial", 16, "bold"), align="right") tri.pencolor("black") tri.pencolor("red") def baba(xdummy, ydummy): clearscreen() bye() time.sleep(2) while undobufferentries(): tri.undo() turtle.undo() tri.fd(50) tri.write(" Click me!", font = ("Courier", 12, "bold") ) tri.onclick(baba, 1) demo1() demo2() exitonclick()