import functools
import numpy
import tensorflow as tf
import toolz
from tqdm import tqdm
from evaluator import RecallEvaluator
from sampler import WarpSampler
from utils import citeulike, split_data
def doublewrap(function):
"""
A decorator decorator, allowing to use the decorator to be used without
parentheses if not arguments are provided. All arguments must be optional.
"""
@functools.wraps(function)
def decorator(*args, **kwargs):
if len(args) == 1 and len(kwargs) == 0 and callable(args[0]):
return function(args[0])
else:
return lambda wrapee: function(wrapee, *args, **kwargs)
return decorator
@doublewrap
def define_scope(function, scope=None, *args, **kwargs):
"""
A decorator for functions that define TensorFlow operations. The wrapped
function will only be executed once. Subsequent calls to it will directly
return the result so that operations are added to the graph only once.
The operations added by the function live within a tf.variable_scope(). If
this decorator is used with arguments, they will be forwarded to the
variable scope. The scope name defaults to the name of the wrapped
function.
"""
attribute = '_cache_' + function.__name__
name = scope or function.__name__
@property
@functools.wraps(function)
def decorator(self):
if not hasattr(self, attribute):
with tf.variable_scope(name, *args, **kwargs):
setattr(self, attribute, function(self))
return getattr(self, attribute)
return decorator
class CML(object):
def __init__(self,
n_users,
n_items,
embed_dim=20,
features=None,
margin=1.5,
master_learning_rate=0.1,
clip_norm=1.0,
hidden_layer_dim=128,
dropout_rate=0.2,
feature_l2_reg=0.1,
feature_projection_scaling_factor=0.5,
use_rank_weight=True,
use_cov_loss=True,
cov_loss_weight=0.1
):
"""
:param n_users: number of users i.e. |U|
:param n_items: number of items i.e. |V|
:param embed_dim: embedding size i.e. K (default 20)
:param features: (optional) the feature vectors of items, shape: (|V|, N_Features).
Set it to None will disable feature loss(default: None)
:param margin: hinge loss threshold i.e. z
:param master_learning_rate: master learning rate for AdaGrad
:param clip_norm: clip norm threshold (default 1.0)
:param hidden_layer_dim: the size of feature projector's hidden layer (default: 128)
:param dropout_rate: the dropout rate between the hidden layer to final feature projection layer
:param feature_l2_reg: feature loss weight
:param feature_projection_scaling_factor: scale the feature projection before compute l2 loss. Ideally,
the scaled feature projection should be mostly within the clip_norm
:param use_rank_weight: whether to use rank weight
:param use_cov_loss: use covariance loss to discourage redundancy in the user/item embedding
"""
self.n_users = n_users
self.n_items = n_items
self.embed_dim = embed_dim
self.clip_norm = clip_norm
self.margin = margin
if features is not None:
self.features = tf.constant(features, dtype=tf.float32)
else:
self.features = None
self.master_learning_rate = master_learning_rate
self.hidden_layer_dim = hidden_layer_dim
self.dropout_rate = dropout_rate
self.feature_l2_reg = feature_l2_reg
self.feature_projection_scaling_factor = feature_projection_scaling_factor
self.use_rank_weight = use_rank_weight
self.use_cov_loss = use_cov_loss
self.cov_loss_weight = cov_loss_weight
self.user_positive_items_pairs = tf.placeholder(tf.int32, [None, 2])
self.negative_samples = tf.placeholder(tf.int32, [None, None])
self.score_user_ids = tf.placeholder(tf.int32, [None])
self.user_embeddings
self.item_embeddings
self.embedding_loss
self.feature_loss
self.loss
self.optimize
@define_scope
def user_embeddings(self):
return tf.Variable(tf.random_normal([self.n_users, self.embed_dim],
stddev=1 / (self.embed_dim ** 0.5), dtype=tf.float32))
@define_scope
def item_embeddings(self):
return tf.Variable(tf.random_normal([self.n_items, self.embed_dim],
stddev=1 / (self.embed_dim ** 0.5), dtype=tf.float32))
@define_scope
def mlp_layer_1(self):
return tf.layers.dense(inputs=self.features,
units=self.hidden_layer_dim,
activation=tf.nn.relu, name="mlp_layer_1")
@define_scope
def mlp_layer_2(self):
dropout = tf.layers.dropout(inputs=self.mlp_layer_1, rate=self.dropout_rate)
return tf.layers.dense(inputs=dropout, units=self.embed_dim, name="mlp_layer_2")
@define_scope
def feature_projection(self):
"""
:return: the projection of the feature vectors to the user-item embedding
"""
# feature loss
if self.features is not None:
# fully-connected layer
output = self.mlp_layer_2 * self.feature_projection_scaling_factor
# projection to the embedding
return tf.clip_by_norm(output, self.clip_norm, axes=[1], name="feature_projection")
@define_scope
def feature_loss(self):
"""
:return: the l2 loss of the distance between items' their embedding and their feature projection
"""
loss = tf.constant(0, dtype=tf.float32)
if self.feature_projection is not None:
# the distance between feature projection and the item's actual location in the embedding
feature_distance = tf.reduce_sum(tf.squared_difference(
self.item_embeddings,
self.feature_projection), 1)
# apply regularization weight
loss += tf.reduce_sum(feature_distance, name="feature_loss") * self.feature_l2_reg
return loss
@define_scope
def covariance_loss(self):
X = tf.concat((self.item_embeddings, self.user_embeddings), 0)
n_rows = tf.cast(tf.shape(X)[0], tf.float32)
X = X - (tf.reduce_mean(X, axis=0))
cov = tf.matmul(X, X, transpose_a=True) / n_rows
return tf.reduce_sum(tf.matrix_set_diag(cov, tf.zeros(self.embed_dim, tf.float32))) * self.cov_loss_weight
@define_scope
def embedding_loss(self):
"""
:return: the distance metric loss
"""
# Let
# N = batch size,
# K = embedding size,
# W = number of negative samples per a user-positive-item pair
# user embedding (N, K)
users = tf.nn.embedding_lookup(self.user_embeddings,
self.user_positive_items_pairs[:, 0],
name="users")
# positive item embedding (N, K)
pos_items = tf.nn.embedding_lookup(self.item_embeddings, self.user_positive_items_pairs[:, 1],
name="pos_items")
# positive item to user distance (N)
pos_distances = tf.reduce_sum(tf.squared_difference(users, pos_items), 1, name="pos_distances")
# negative item embedding (N, K, W)
neg_items = tf.transpose(tf.nn.embedding_lookup(self.item_embeddings, self.negative_samples),
(0, 2, 1), name="neg_items")
# distance to negative items (N x W)
distance_to_neg_items = tf.reduce_sum(tf.squared_difference(tf.expand_dims(users, -1), neg_items), 1,
name="distance_to_neg_items")
# best negative item (among W negative samples) their distance to the user embedding (N)
closest_negative_item_distances = tf.reduce_min(distance_to_neg_items, 1, name="closest_negative_distances")
# compute hinge loss (N)
loss_per_pair = tf.maximum(pos_distances - closest_negative_item_distances + self.margin, 0,
name="pair_loss")
if self.use_rank_weight:
# indicator matrix for impostors (N x W)
impostors = (tf.expand_dims(pos_distances, -1) - distance_to_neg_items + self.margin) > 0
# approximate the rank of positive item by (number of impostor / W per user-positive pair)
rank = tf.reduce_mean(tf.cast(impostors, dtype=tf.float32), 1, name="rank_weight") * self.n_items
# apply rank weight
loss_per_pair *= tf.log(rank + 1)
# the embedding loss
loss = tf.reduce_sum(loss_per_pair, name="loss")
return loss
@define_scope
def loss(self):
"""
:return: the total loss = embedding loss + feature loss
"""
loss = self.embedding_loss + self.feature_loss
if self.use_cov_loss:
loss += self.covariance_loss
return loss
@define_scope
def clip_by_norm_op(self):
return [tf.assign(self.user_embeddings, tf.clip_by_norm(self.user_embeddings, self.clip_norm, axes=[1])),
tf.assign(self.item_embeddings, tf.clip_by_norm(self.item_embeddings, self.clip_norm, axes=[1]))]
@define_scope
def optimize(self):
# have two separate learning rates. The first one for user/item embedding is un-normalized.
# The second one for feature projector NN is normalized by the number of items.
gds = []
gds.append(tf.train
.AdagradOptimizer(self.master_learning_rate)
.minimize(self.loss, var_list=[self.user_embeddings, self.item_embeddings]))
if self.feature_projection is not None:
gds.append(tf.train
.AdagradOptimizer(self.master_learning_rate)
.minimize(self.feature_loss / self.n_items))
with tf.control_dependencies(gds):
return gds + [self.clip_by_norm_op]
@define_scope
def item_scores(self):
# (N_USER_IDS, 1, K)
user = tf.expand_dims(tf.nn.embedding_lookup(self.user_embeddings, self.score_user_ids), 1)
# (1, N_ITEM, K)
item = tf.expand_dims(self.item_embeddings, 0)
# score = minus distance (N_USER, N_ITEM)
return -tf.reduce_sum(tf.squared_difference(user, item), 2, name="scores")
BATCH_SIZE = 50000
N_NEGATIVE = 20
EVALUATION_EVERY_N_BATCHES = 30
EMBED_DIM = 100
def optimize(model, sampler, train, valid):
"""
Optimize the model. TODO: implement early-stopping
:param model: model to optimize
:param sampler: mini-batch sampler
:param train: train user-item matrix
:param valid: validation user-item matrix
:return: None
"""
sess = tf.Session()
sess.run(tf.global_variables_initializer())
if model.feature_projection is not None:
# initialize item embedding with feature projection
sess.run(tf.assign(model.item_embeddings, model.feature_projection))
# sample some users to calculate recall validation
valid_users = numpy.random.choice(list(set(valid.nonzero()[0])), size=1000, replace=False)
while True:
# create evaluator on validation set
validation_recall = RecallEvaluator(model, train, valid)
# compute recall on validate set
valid_recalls = []
# compute recall in chunks to utilize speedup provided by Tensorflow
for user_chunk in toolz.partition_all(100, valid_users):
valid_recalls.extend([validation_recall.eval(sess, user_chunk)])
print("\nRecall on (sampled) validation set: {}".format(numpy.mean(valid_recalls)))
# TODO: early stopping based on validation recall
# train model
losses = []
# run n mini-batches
for _ in tqdm(range(EVALUATION_EVERY_N_BATCHES), desc="Optimizing..."):
user_pos, neg = sampler.next_batch()
_, loss = sess.run((model.optimize, model.loss),
{model.user_positive_items_pairs: user_pos,
model.negative_samples: neg})
losses.append(loss)
print("\nTraining loss {}".format(numpy.mean(losses)))
if __name__ == '__main__':
# get user-item matrix
user_item_matrix, features = citeulike(tag_occurence_thres=5)
n_users, n_items = user_item_matrix.shape
# make feature as dense matrix
dense_features = features.toarray() + 1E-10
# get train/valid/test user-item matrices
train, valid, test = split_data(user_item_matrix)
# create warp sampler
sampler = WarpSampler(train, batch_size=BATCH_SIZE, n_negative=N_NEGATIVE, check_negative=True)
# WITHOUT features
# Train a user-item joint embedding, where the items a user likes will be pulled closer to this users.
# Once the embedding is trained, the recommendations are made by finding the k-Nearest-Neighbor to each user.
model = CML(n_users,
n_items,
# set features to None to disable feature projection
features=None,
# size of embedding
embed_dim=EMBED_DIM,
# the size of hinge loss margin.
margin=1.9,
# clip the embedding so that their norm <= clip_norm
clip_norm=1,
# learning rate for AdaGrad
master_learning_rate=0.1,
# whether to enable rank weight. If True, the loss will be scaled by the estimated
# log-rank of the positive items. If False, no weight will be applied.
# This is particularly useful to speed up the training for large item set.
# Weston, Jason, Samy Bengio, and Nicolas Usunier.
# "Wsabie: Scaling up to large vocabulary image annotation." IJCAI. Vol. 11. 2011.
use_rank_weight=True,
# whether to enable covariance regularization to encourage efficient use of the vector space.
# More useful when the size of embedding is smaller (e.g. < 20 ).
use_cov_loss=False,
# weight of the cov_loss
cov_loss_weight=1
)
#optimize(model, sampler, train, valid)
# WITH features
# In this case, we additionally train a feature projector to project raw item features into the
# embedding. The projection serves as "a prior" to inform the item's potential location in the embedding.
# We use a two fully-connected layers NN as our feature projector. (This model is much more computation intensive.
# A GPU machine is recommended)
model = CML(n_users,
n_items,
# enable feature projection
features=dense_features,
embed_dim=EMBED_DIM,
margin=2.0,
clip_norm=1.1,
master_learning_rate=0.1,
# the size of the hidden layer in the feature projector NN
hidden_layer_dim=512,
# dropout rate between hidden layer and output layer in the feature projector NN
dropout_rate=0.3,
# scale the output of the NN so that the magnitude of the NN output is closer to the item embedding
feature_projection_scaling_factor=1,
# the penalty to the distance between projection and item's actual location in the embedding
# tune this to adjust how much the embedding should be biased towards the item features.
feature_l2_reg=0.1,
# whether to enable rank weight. If True, the loss will be scaled by the estimated
# log-rank of the positive items. If False, no weight will be applied.
# This is particularly useful to speed up the training for large item set.
# Weston, Jason, Samy Bengio, and Nicolas Usunier.
# "Wsabie: Scaling up to large vocabulary image annotation." IJCAI. Vol. 11. 2011.
use_rank_weight=True,
# whether to enable covariance regularization to encourage efficient use of the vector space.
# More useful when the size of embedding is smaller (e.g. < 20 ).
use_cov_loss=False,
# weight of the cov_loss
cov_loss_weight=1
)
optimize(model, sampler, train, valid)
