Python base64.b16encode() Examples

def crypter(ack='',iv='2769514380123456',base='b64'):
    ahk = hmac.new(b'vilame',ack.encode(),'md5').hexdigest()
    c = CrypterAES(ahk, iv)
    if base == 'b16': _encode,_decode = base64.b16encode,base64.b16decode
    if base == 'b32': _encode,_decode = base64.b32encode,base64.b32decode
    if base == 'b64': _encode,_decode = base64.b64encode,base64.b64decode
    if base == 'b85': _encode,_decode = base64.b85encode,base64.b85decode
    if base == 'urlsafe_b64': _encode,_decode = base64.urlsafe_b64encode,base64.urlsafe_b64decode
    def zbase_enc(data):
        return _encode(zlib.compress(data.encode())[2:-4]).decode()
    def zbase_dec(basedata):
        return zlib.decompress(_decode(basedata),-15).decode()
    def zencrypt(data): return c.encrypt_base(zlib.compress(data.encode())[2:-4],_encode)
    def zdecrypt(data): return zlib.decompress(c.decrypt_base(data,_decode),-15).decode()
    c.zencrypt = zencrypt
    c.zdecrypt = zdecrypt
    c.zbase_enc = zbase_enc
    c.zbase_dec = zbase_dec
    c.encrypt = lambda data:c.encrypt_base(data,_encode)
    c.decrypt = lambda data:c.decrypt_base(data,_decode).decode()
    return c 

def dnsip6encode(data):
    """
    encodes the data as a single IPv6 address
    :param data: data to encode
    :return: encoded form
    """

    if len(data) != 16:
        print_error("dnsip6encode: data is more or less than 16 bytes, cannot encode")
        return None

    res = b''
    reslen = 0
    for i in range(len(data)):
        res += base64.b16encode(data[i:i+1])
        reslen += 1
        if reslen % 2 == 0:
            res += b':'

    return res[:-1] 

def dnshostencode(data, zone):
    """
    encodes the data in a DNS transmittable hostname, 0-9A-F
    :param data: DNS transmittable hostname data
    :param zone: DNS zone to add at the end
    :return: encoded form
    """

    # TODO: sending 0-9A-Z would be better

    res = b""
    sdata = base64.b16encode(data)

    # every 60 characters, we will add a dot
    for i in range(len(sdata)):
        res += sdata[i:i+1]
        if (i+1) % 60 == 0 and (i+1) < len(sdata):
            res += b'.'

    return res + b'.' + zone.encode('utf-8') + b'.' 

def toHex(data, maxLen=0, upperCase=True, blockSize=0):
  if (type(data) == str):
    data = bytes(data,'utf-8')

  if maxLen:
    data = data[:maxLen]

  if blockSize:
   dataBlocks = split(data, blockSize, False)
  else:
   dataBlocks = [data]
   
  hex=' '.join([str(base64.b16encode(b),'utf-8') for b in dataBlocks])
  if not upperCase:
    hex= hex.lower()
  return hex 

def _filter_encode(self, data, encoding):
		if its.py_v3 and isinstance(data, str):
			data = data.encode('utf-8')
		encoding = encoding.lower()
		encoding = re.sub(r'^(base|rot)-(\d\d)$', r'\1\2', encoding)

		if encoding == 'base16' or encoding == 'hex':
			data = base64.b16encode(data)
		elif encoding == 'base32':
			data = base64.b32encode(data)
		elif encoding == 'base64':
			data = base64.b64encode(data)
		elif encoding == 'rot13':
			data = codecs.getencoder('rot-13')(data.decode('utf-8'))[0]
		else:
			raise ValueError('Unknown encoding type: ' + encoding)
		if its.py_v3 and isinstance(data, bytes):
			data = data.decode('utf-8')
		return data 

def torrent(self):
        """:class:`Torrent` instance"""
        # Prevent circular import issues
        from ._torrent import Torrent
        torrent = Torrent()
        torrent.name = self.dn
        if self.tr:
            torrent.trackers = self.tr
        if self.ws:
            torrent.webseeds = self.ws
        if self.xl:
            torrent._metainfo['info']['length'] = self.xl
        if hasattr(self, '_info'):
            torrent.metainfo['info'] = self._info
        elif len(self.infohash) == 40:
            torrent._infohash = self.infohash
        else:
            # Convert base 32 to base 16 (SHA1)
            torrent._infohash = base64.b16encode(
                base64.b32decode(self.infohash)).decode('utf-8').lower()
        return torrent 

def _temporary_keychain():
    """
    This function creates a temporary Mac keychain that we can use to work with
    credentials. This keychain uses a one-time password and a temporary file to
    store the data. We expect to have one keychain per socket. The returned
    SecKeychainRef must be freed by the caller, including calling
    SecKeychainDelete.

    Returns a tuple of the SecKeychainRef and the path to the temporary
    directory that contains it.
    """
    # Unfortunately, SecKeychainCreate requires a path to a keychain. This
    # means we cannot use mkstemp to use a generic temporary file. Instead,
    # we're going to create a temporary directory and a filename to use there.
    # This filename will be 8 random bytes expanded into base64. We also need
    # some random bytes to password-protect the keychain we're creating, so we
    # ask for 40 random bytes.
    random_bytes = os.urandom(40)
    filename = base64.b16encode(random_bytes[:8]).decode("utf-8")
    password = base64.b16encode(random_bytes[8:])  # Must be valid UTF-8
    tempdirectory = tempfile.mkdtemp()

    keychain_path = os.path.join(tempdirectory, filename).encode("utf-8")

    # We now want to create the keychain itself.
    keychain = Security.SecKeychainRef()
    status = Security.SecKeychainCreate(
        keychain_path, len(password), password, False, None, ctypes.byref(keychain)
    )
    _assert_no_error(status)

    # Having created the keychain, we want to pass it off to the caller.
    return keychain, tempdirectory 

def _temporary_keychain():
    """
    This function creates a temporary Mac keychain that we can use to work with
    credentials. This keychain uses a one-time password and a temporary file to
    store the data. We expect to have one keychain per socket. The returned
    SecKeychainRef must be freed by the caller, including calling
    SecKeychainDelete.

    Returns a tuple of the SecKeychainRef and the path to the temporary
    directory that contains it.
    """
    # Unfortunately, SecKeychainCreate requires a path to a keychain. This
    # means we cannot use mkstemp to use a generic temporary file. Instead,
    # we're going to create a temporary directory and a filename to use there.
    # This filename will be 8 random bytes expanded into base64. We also need
    # some random bytes to password-protect the keychain we're creating, so we
    # ask for 40 random bytes.
    random_bytes = os.urandom(40)
    filename = base64.b16encode(random_bytes[:8]).decode('utf-8')
    password = base64.b16encode(random_bytes[8:])  # Must be valid UTF-8
    tempdirectory = tempfile.mkdtemp()

    keychain_path = os.path.join(tempdirectory, filename).encode('utf-8')

    # We now want to create the keychain itself.
    keychain = Security.SecKeychainRef()
    status = Security.SecKeychainCreate(
        keychain_path,
        len(password),
        password,
        False,
        None,
        ctypes.byref(keychain)
    )
    _assert_no_error(status)

    # Having created the keychain, we want to pass it off to the caller.
    return keychain, tempdirectory 

def _temporary_keychain():
    """
    This function creates a temporary Mac keychain that we can use to work with
    credentials. This keychain uses a one-time password and a temporary file to
    store the data. We expect to have one keychain per socket. The returned
    SecKeychainRef must be freed by the caller, including calling
    SecKeychainDelete.

    Returns a tuple of the SecKeychainRef and the path to the temporary
    directory that contains it.
    """
    # Unfortunately, SecKeychainCreate requires a path to a keychain. This
    # means we cannot use mkstemp to use a generic temporary file. Instead,
    # we're going to create a temporary directory and a filename to use there.
    # This filename will be 8 random bytes expanded into base64. We also need
    # some random bytes to password-protect the keychain we're creating, so we
    # ask for 40 random bytes.
    random_bytes = os.urandom(40)
    filename = base64.b16encode(random_bytes[:8]).decode('utf-8')
    password = base64.b16encode(random_bytes[8:])  # Must be valid UTF-8
    tempdirectory = tempfile.mkdtemp()

    keychain_path = os.path.join(tempdirectory, filename).encode('utf-8')

    # We now want to create the keychain itself.
    keychain = Security.SecKeychainRef()
    status = Security.SecKeychainCreate(
        keychain_path,
        len(password),
        password,
        False,
        None,
        ctypes.byref(keychain)
    )
    _assert_no_error(status)

    # Having created the keychain, we want to pass it off to the caller.
    return keychain, tempdirectory 

def _temporary_keychain():
    """
    This function creates a temporary Mac keychain that we can use to work with
    credentials. This keychain uses a one-time password and a temporary file to
    store the data. We expect to have one keychain per socket. The returned
    SecKeychainRef must be freed by the caller, including calling
    SecKeychainDelete.

    Returns a tuple of the SecKeychainRef and the path to the temporary
    directory that contains it.
    """
    # Unfortunately, SecKeychainCreate requires a path to a keychain. This
    # means we cannot use mkstemp to use a generic temporary file. Instead,
    # we're going to create a temporary directory and a filename to use there.
    # This filename will be 8 random bytes expanded into base64. We also need
    # some random bytes to password-protect the keychain we're creating, so we
    # ask for 40 random bytes.
    random_bytes = os.urandom(40)
    filename = base64.b16encode(random_bytes[:8]).decode('utf-8')
    password = base64.b16encode(random_bytes[8:])  # Must be valid UTF-8
    tempdirectory = tempfile.mkdtemp()

    keychain_path = os.path.join(tempdirectory, filename).encode('utf-8')

    # We now want to create the keychain itself.
    keychain = Security.SecKeychainRef()
    status = Security.SecKeychainCreate(
        keychain_path,
        len(password),
        password,
        False,
        None,
        ctypes.byref(keychain)
    )
    _assert_no_error(status)

    # Having created the keychain, we want to pass it off to the caller.
    return keychain, tempdirectory 

def _temporary_keychain():
    """
    This function creates a temporary Mac keychain that we can use to work with
    credentials. This keychain uses a one-time password and a temporary file to
    store the data. We expect to have one keychain per socket. The returned
    SecKeychainRef must be freed by the caller, including calling
    SecKeychainDelete.

    Returns a tuple of the SecKeychainRef and the path to the temporary
    directory that contains it.
    """
    # Unfortunately, SecKeychainCreate requires a path to a keychain. This
    # means we cannot use mkstemp to use a generic temporary file. Instead,
    # we're going to create a temporary directory and a filename to use there.
    # This filename will be 8 random bytes expanded into base64. We also need
    # some random bytes to password-protect the keychain we're creating, so we
    # ask for 40 random bytes.
    random_bytes = os.urandom(40)
    filename = base64.b16encode(random_bytes[:8]).decode('utf-8')
    password = base64.b16encode(random_bytes[8:])  # Must be valid UTF-8
    tempdirectory = tempfile.mkdtemp()

    keychain_path = os.path.join(tempdirectory, filename).encode('utf-8')

    # We now want to create the keychain itself.
    keychain = Security.SecKeychainRef()
    status = Security.SecKeychainCreate(
        keychain_path,
        len(password),
        password,
        False,
        None,
        ctypes.byref(keychain)
    )
    _assert_no_error(status)

    # Having created the keychain, we want to pass it off to the caller.
    return keychain, tempdirectory 

def _temporary_keychain():
    """
    This function creates a temporary Mac keychain that we can use to work with
    credentials. This keychain uses a one-time password and a temporary file to
    store the data. We expect to have one keychain per socket. The returned
    SecKeychainRef must be freed by the caller, including calling
    SecKeychainDelete.

    Returns a tuple of the SecKeychainRef and the path to the temporary
    directory that contains it.
    """
    # Unfortunately, SecKeychainCreate requires a path to a keychain. This
    # means we cannot use mkstemp to use a generic temporary file. Instead,
    # we're going to create a temporary directory and a filename to use there.
    # This filename will be 8 random bytes expanded into base64. We also need
    # some random bytes to password-protect the keychain we're creating, so we
    # ask for 40 random bytes.
    random_bytes = os.urandom(40)
    filename = base64.b16encode(random_bytes[:8]).decode('utf-8')
    password = base64.b16encode(random_bytes[8:])  # Must be valid UTF-8
    tempdirectory = tempfile.mkdtemp()

    keychain_path = os.path.join(tempdirectory, filename).encode('utf-8')

    # We now want to create the keychain itself.
    keychain = Security.SecKeychainRef()
    status = Security.SecKeychainCreate(
        keychain_path,
        len(password),
        password,
        False,
        None,
        ctypes.byref(keychain)
    )
    _assert_no_error(status)

    # Having created the keychain, we want to pass it off to the caller.
    return keychain, tempdirectory 

def _temporary_keychain():
    """
    This function creates a temporary Mac keychain that we can use to work with
    credentials. This keychain uses a one-time password and a temporary file to
    store the data. We expect to have one keychain per socket. The returned
    SecKeychainRef must be freed by the caller, including calling
    SecKeychainDelete.

    Returns a tuple of the SecKeychainRef and the path to the temporary
    directory that contains it.
    """
    # Unfortunately, SecKeychainCreate requires a path to a keychain. This
    # means we cannot use mkstemp to use a generic temporary file. Instead,
    # we're going to create a temporary directory and a filename to use there.
    # This filename will be 8 random bytes expanded into base64. We also need
    # some random bytes to password-protect the keychain we're creating, so we
    # ask for 40 random bytes.
    random_bytes = os.urandom(40)
    filename = base64.b16encode(random_bytes[:8]).decode("utf-8")
    password = base64.b16encode(random_bytes[8:])  # Must be valid UTF-8
    tempdirectory = tempfile.mkdtemp()

    keychain_path = os.path.join(tempdirectory, filename).encode("utf-8")

    # We now want to create the keychain itself.
    keychain = Security.SecKeychainRef()
    status = Security.SecKeychainCreate(
        keychain_path, len(password), password, False, None, ctypes.byref(keychain)
    )
    _assert_no_error(status)

    # Having created the keychain, we want to pass it off to the caller.
    return keychain, tempdirectory 

def _temporary_keychain():
    """
    This function creates a temporary Mac keychain that we can use to work with
    credentials. This keychain uses a one-time password and a temporary file to
    store the data. We expect to have one keychain per socket. The returned
    SecKeychainRef must be freed by the caller, including calling
    SecKeychainDelete.

    Returns a tuple of the SecKeychainRef and the path to the temporary
    directory that contains it.
    """
    # Unfortunately, SecKeychainCreate requires a path to a keychain. This
    # means we cannot use mkstemp to use a generic temporary file. Instead,
    # we're going to create a temporary directory and a filename to use there.
    # This filename will be 8 random bytes expanded into base64. We also need
    # some random bytes to password-protect the keychain we're creating, so we
    # ask for 40 random bytes.
    random_bytes = os.urandom(40)
    filename = base64.b16encode(random_bytes[:8]).decode('utf-8')
    password = base64.b16encode(random_bytes[8:])  # Must be valid UTF-8
    tempdirectory = tempfile.mkdtemp()

    keychain_path = os.path.join(tempdirectory, filename).encode('utf-8')

    # We now want to create the keychain itself.
    keychain = Security.SecKeychainRef()
    status = Security.SecKeychainCreate(
        keychain_path,
        len(password),
        password,
        False,
        None,
        ctypes.byref(keychain)
    )
    _assert_no_error(status)

    # Having created the keychain, we want to pass it off to the caller.
    return keychain, tempdirectory 

def bytes_to_int(bytes_rep):
    """convert a string of bytes (in big-endian order) to an integer

    :param bytes_rep: the raw bytes
    :type bytes_rep: str
    :return: the unsigned integer
    :rtype: int or long
    """
    bytes_len = len(bytes_rep)
    if bytes_len <= 4:
        return struct.unpack(">I", (4-bytes_len)*b"\0" + bytes_rep)[0]
    return long(base64.b16encode(bytes_rep), 16) 

def signature(self):
        try:
            from hashlib import md5
        except ImportError:
            from md5 import md5
        try:
            sig = md5()
            if self.start:
                sig.update(self.start.encode('latin-1'))
            if self.prec:
                sig.update(''.join([''.join(p) for p in self.prec]).encode('latin-1'))
            if self.tokens:
                sig.update(' '.join(self.tokens).encode('latin-1'))
            for f in self.pfuncs:
                if f[3]:
                    sig.update(f[3].encode('latin-1'))
        except (TypeError, ValueError):
            pass

        digest = base64.b16encode(sig.digest())
        if sys.version_info[0] >= 3:
            digest = digest.decode('latin-1')
        return digest

    # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
    # validate_modules()
    #
    # This method checks to see if there are duplicated p_rulename() functions
    # in the parser module file.  Without this function, it is really easy for
    # users to make mistakes by cutting and pasting code fragments (and it's a real
    # bugger to try and figure out why the resulting parser doesn't work).  Therefore,
    # we just do a little regular expression pattern matching of def statements
    # to try and detect duplicates.
    # ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

def signature(self):
        try:
            from hashlib import md5
        except ImportError:
            from md5 import md5
        try:
            sig = md5()
            if self.start:
                sig.update(self.start.encode('latin-1'))
            if self.prec:
                sig.update(''.join([''.join(p) for p in self.prec]).encode('latin-1'))
            if self.tokens:
                sig.update(' '.join(self.tokens).encode('latin-1'))
            for f in self.pfuncs:
                if f[3]:
                    sig.update(f[3].encode('latin-1'))
        except (TypeError, ValueError):
            pass

        digest = base64.b16encode(sig.digest())
        if sys.version_info[0] >= 3:
            digest = digest.decode('latin-1')
        return digest

    # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
    # validate_modules()
    #
    # This method checks to see if there are duplicated p_rulename() functions
    # in the parser module file.  Without this function, it is really easy for
    # users to make mistakes by cutting and pasting code fragments (and it's a real
    # bugger to try and figure out why the resulting parser doesn't work).  Therefore,
    # we just do a little regular expression pattern matching of def statements
    # to try and detect duplicates.
    # ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

def _temporary_keychain():
    """
    This function creates a temporary Mac keychain that we can use to work with
    credentials. This keychain uses a one-time password and a temporary file to
    store the data. We expect to have one keychain per socket. The returned
    SecKeychainRef must be freed by the caller, including calling
    SecKeychainDelete.

    Returns a tuple of the SecKeychainRef and the path to the temporary
    directory that contains it.
    """
    # Unfortunately, SecKeychainCreate requires a path to a keychain. This
    # means we cannot use mkstemp to use a generic temporary file. Instead,
    # we're going to create a temporary directory and a filename to use there.
    # This filename will be 8 random bytes expanded into base64. We also need
    # some random bytes to password-protect the keychain we're creating, so we
    # ask for 40 random bytes.
    random_bytes = os.urandom(40)
    filename = base64.b16encode(random_bytes[:8]).decode("utf-8")
    password = base64.b16encode(random_bytes[8:])  # Must be valid UTF-8
    tempdirectory = tempfile.mkdtemp()

    keychain_path = os.path.join(tempdirectory, filename).encode("utf-8")

    # We now want to create the keychain itself.
    keychain = Security.SecKeychainRef()
    status = Security.SecKeychainCreate(
        keychain_path, len(password), password, False, None, ctypes.byref(keychain)
    )
    _assert_no_error(status)

    # Having created the keychain, we want to pass it off to the caller.
    return keychain, tempdirectory 

def _temporary_keychain():
    """
    This function creates a temporary Mac keychain that we can use to work with
    credentials. This keychain uses a one-time password and a temporary file to
    store the data. We expect to have one keychain per socket. The returned
    SecKeychainRef must be freed by the caller, including calling
    SecKeychainDelete.

    Returns a tuple of the SecKeychainRef and the path to the temporary
    directory that contains it.
    """
    # Unfortunately, SecKeychainCreate requires a path to a keychain. This
    # means we cannot use mkstemp to use a generic temporary file. Instead,
    # we're going to create a temporary directory and a filename to use there.
    # This filename will be 8 random bytes expanded into base64. We also need
    # some random bytes to password-protect the keychain we're creating, so we
    # ask for 40 random bytes.
    random_bytes = os.urandom(40)
    filename = base64.b16encode(random_bytes[:8]).decode('utf-8')
    password = base64.b16encode(random_bytes[8:])  # Must be valid UTF-8
    tempdirectory = tempfile.mkdtemp()

    keychain_path = os.path.join(tempdirectory, filename).encode('utf-8')

    # We now want to create the keychain itself.
    keychain = Security.SecKeychainRef()
    status = Security.SecKeychainCreate(
        keychain_path,
        len(password),
        password,
        False,
        None,
        ctypes.byref(keychain)
    )
    _assert_no_error(status)

    # Having created the keychain, we want to pass it off to the caller.
    return keychain, tempdirectory 

def signature(self):
        try:
            from hashlib import md5
        except ImportError:
            from md5 import md5
        try:
            sig = md5()
            if self.start:
                sig.update(self.start.encode('latin-1'))
            if self.prec:
                sig.update(''.join([''.join(p) for p in self.prec]).encode('latin-1'))
            if self.tokens:
                sig.update(' '.join(self.tokens).encode('latin-1'))
            for f in self.pfuncs:
                if f[3]:
                    sig.update(f[3].encode('latin-1'))
        except (TypeError, ValueError):
            pass

        digest = base64.b16encode(sig.digest())
        if sys.version_info[0] >= 3:
            digest = digest.decode('latin-1')
        return digest

    # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
    # validate_modules()
    #
    # This method checks to see if there are duplicated p_rulename() functions
    # in the parser module file.  Without this function, it is really easy for
    # users to make mistakes by cutting and pasting code fragments (and it's a real
    # bugger to try and figure out why the resulting parser doesn't work).  Therefore,
    # we just do a little regular expression pattern matching of def statements
    # to try and detect duplicates.
    # ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

def _temporary_keychain():
    """
    This function creates a temporary Mac keychain that we can use to work with
    credentials. This keychain uses a one-time password and a temporary file to
    store the data. We expect to have one keychain per socket. The returned
    SecKeychainRef must be freed by the caller, including calling
    SecKeychainDelete.

    Returns a tuple of the SecKeychainRef and the path to the temporary
    directory that contains it.
    """
    # Unfortunately, SecKeychainCreate requires a path to a keychain. This
    # means we cannot use mkstemp to use a generic temporary file. Instead,
    # we're going to create a temporary directory and a filename to use there.
    # This filename will be 8 random bytes expanded into base64. We also need
    # some random bytes to password-protect the keychain we're creating, so we
    # ask for 40 random bytes.
    random_bytes = os.urandom(40)
    filename = base64.b16encode(random_bytes[:8]).decode('utf-8')
    password = base64.b16encode(random_bytes[8:])  # Must be valid UTF-8
    tempdirectory = tempfile.mkdtemp()

    keychain_path = os.path.join(tempdirectory, filename).encode('utf-8')

    # We now want to create the keychain itself.
    keychain = Security.SecKeychainRef()
    status = Security.SecKeychainCreate(
        keychain_path,
        len(password),
        password,
        False,
        None,
        ctypes.byref(keychain)
    )
    _assert_no_error(status)

    # Having created the keychain, we want to pass it off to the caller.
    return keychain, tempdirectory 

def _temporary_keychain():
    """
    This function creates a temporary Mac keychain that we can use to work with
    credentials. This keychain uses a one-time password and a temporary file to
    store the data. We expect to have one keychain per socket. The returned
    SecKeychainRef must be freed by the caller, including calling
    SecKeychainDelete.

    Returns a tuple of the SecKeychainRef and the path to the temporary
    directory that contains it.
    """
    # Unfortunately, SecKeychainCreate requires a path to a keychain. This
    # means we cannot use mkstemp to use a generic temporary file. Instead,
    # we're going to create a temporary directory and a filename to use there.
    # This filename will be 8 random bytes expanded into base64. We also need
    # some random bytes to password-protect the keychain we're creating, so we
    # ask for 40 random bytes.
    random_bytes = os.urandom(40)
    filename = base64.b16encode(random_bytes[:8]).decode('utf-8')
    password = base64.b16encode(random_bytes[8:])  # Must be valid UTF-8
    tempdirectory = tempfile.mkdtemp()

    keychain_path = os.path.join(tempdirectory, filename).encode('utf-8')

    # We now want to create the keychain itself.
    keychain = Security.SecKeychainRef()
    status = Security.SecKeychainCreate(
        keychain_path,
        len(password),
        password,
        False,
        None,
        ctypes.byref(keychain)
    )
    _assert_no_error(status)

    # Having created the keychain, we want to pass it off to the caller.
    return keychain, tempdirectory 

def _temporary_keychain():
    """
    This function creates a temporary Mac keychain that we can use to work with
    credentials. This keychain uses a one-time password and a temporary file to
    store the data. We expect to have one keychain per socket. The returned
    SecKeychainRef must be freed by the caller, including calling
    SecKeychainDelete.

    Returns a tuple of the SecKeychainRef and the path to the temporary
    directory that contains it.
    """
    # Unfortunately, SecKeychainCreate requires a path to a keychain. This
    # means we cannot use mkstemp to use a generic temporary file. Instead,
    # we're going to create a temporary directory and a filename to use there.
    # This filename will be 8 random bytes expanded into base64. We also need
    # some random bytes to password-protect the keychain we're creating, so we
    # ask for 40 random bytes.
    random_bytes = os.urandom(40)
    filename = base64.b16encode(random_bytes[:8]).decode('utf-8')
    password = base64.b16encode(random_bytes[8:])  # Must be valid UTF-8
    tempdirectory = tempfile.mkdtemp()

    keychain_path = os.path.join(tempdirectory, filename).encode('utf-8')

    # We now want to create the keychain itself.
    keychain = Security.SecKeychainRef()
    status = Security.SecKeychainCreate(
        keychain_path,
        len(password),
        password,
        False,
        None,
        ctypes.byref(keychain)
    )
    _assert_no_error(status)

    # Having created the keychain, we want to pass it off to the caller.
    return keychain, tempdirectory 

def _temporary_keychain():
    """
    This function creates a temporary Mac keychain that we can use to work with
    credentials. This keychain uses a one-time password and a temporary file to
    store the data. We expect to have one keychain per socket. The returned
    SecKeychainRef must be freed by the caller, including calling
    SecKeychainDelete.

    Returns a tuple of the SecKeychainRef and the path to the temporary
    directory that contains it.
    """
    # Unfortunately, SecKeychainCreate requires a path to a keychain. This
    # means we cannot use mkstemp to use a generic temporary file. Instead,
    # we're going to create a temporary directory and a filename to use there.
    # This filename will be 8 random bytes expanded into base64. We also need
    # some random bytes to password-protect the keychain we're creating, so we
    # ask for 40 random bytes.
    random_bytes = os.urandom(40)
    filename = base64.b16encode(random_bytes[:8]).decode('utf-8')
    password = base64.b16encode(random_bytes[8:])  # Must be valid UTF-8
    tempdirectory = tempfile.mkdtemp()

    keychain_path = os.path.join(tempdirectory, filename).encode('utf-8')

    # We now want to create the keychain itself.
    keychain = Security.SecKeychainRef()
    status = Security.SecKeychainCreate(
        keychain_path,
        len(password),
        password,
        False,
        None,
        ctypes.byref(keychain)
    )
    _assert_no_error(status)

    # Having created the keychain, we want to pass it off to the caller.
    return keychain, tempdirectory 

def test_b16encode(self):
        eq = self.assertEqual
        eq(base64.b16encode(b'\x01\x02\xab\xcd\xef'), b'0102ABCDEF')
        eq(base64.b16encode(b'\x00'), b'00')
        # Non-bytes
        self.check_other_types(base64.b16encode, b'\x01\x02\xab\xcd\xef',
                               b'0102ABCDEF')
        self.check_encode_type_errors(base64.b16encode) 

def crypt_string(string_const):
    return base64.b16encode(crypt_data(string_const, '*StrGhy*', True)).lower() 

def _temporary_keychain():
    """
    This function creates a temporary Mac keychain that we can use to work with
    credentials. This keychain uses a one-time password and a temporary file to
    store the data. We expect to have one keychain per socket. The returned
    SecKeychainRef must be freed by the caller, including calling
    SecKeychainDelete.

    Returns a tuple of the SecKeychainRef and the path to the temporary
    directory that contains it.
    """
    # Unfortunately, SecKeychainCreate requires a path to a keychain. This
    # means we cannot use mkstemp to use a generic temporary file. Instead,
    # we're going to create a temporary directory and a filename to use there.
    # This filename will be 8 random bytes expanded into base64. We also need
    # some random bytes to password-protect the keychain we're creating, so we
    # ask for 40 random bytes.
    random_bytes = os.urandom(40)
    filename = base64.b16encode(random_bytes[:8]).decode('utf-8')
    password = base64.b16encode(random_bytes[8:])  # Must be valid UTF-8
    tempdirectory = tempfile.mkdtemp()

    keychain_path = os.path.join(tempdirectory, filename).encode('utf-8')

    # We now want to create the keychain itself.
    keychain = Security.SecKeychainRef()
    status = Security.SecKeychainCreate(
        keychain_path,
        len(password),
        password,
        False,
        None,
        ctypes.byref(keychain)
    )
    _assert_no_error(status)

    # Having created the keychain, we want to pass it off to the caller.
    return keychain, tempdirectory 

def signature(self):
        try:
            from hashlib import md5
        except ImportError:
            from md5 import md5
        try:
            sig = md5()
            if self.start:
                sig.update(self.start.encode('latin-1'))
            if self.prec:
                sig.update(''.join([''.join(p) for p in self.prec]).encode('latin-1'))
            if self.tokens:
                sig.update(' '.join(self.tokens).encode('latin-1'))
            for f in self.pfuncs:
                if f[3]:
                    sig.update(f[3].encode('latin-1'))
        except (TypeError, ValueError):
            pass

        digest = base64.b16encode(sig.digest())
        if sys.version_info[0] >= 3:
            digest = digest.decode('latin-1')
        return digest

    # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
    # validate_modules()
    #
    # This method checks to see if there are duplicated p_rulename() functions
    # in the parser module file.  Without this function, it is really easy for
    # users to make mistakes by cutting and pasting code fragments (and it's a real
    # bugger to try and figure out why the resulting parser doesn't work).  Therefore,
    # we just do a little regular expression pattern matching of def statements
    # to try and detect duplicates.
    # ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

def parsed_md(self, md):
        log.debug('parsed microdescriptor: %s' % md)

        try:
            fp = b16encode(b64decode(md['digest'] + '='))
        except binascii.Error:
            return

        if fp not in self.routers:
            self.routers[fp] = {}

        for key in md:
            self.routers[fp][key] = md[key] 

def send_cell(self, c, data=None):
        """
        Send a cell down the wire.
        
        Local events raised:
            * send <data> - sends data on the socket.
        """
        if not data:
            data = ''
        log.debug('sending cell type %s' % cell.cell_type_to_name(c.cell_type))
        log.debug('sending cell: %s' % b16encode(c.pack(data)))
        self.trigger_local('send', c.pack(data))