Python MySQLdb.paramstyle() Examples

def query(self, paramstyle=None):
        """
        Returns the query part of the sql query.
            >>> q = SQLQuery(["SELECT * FROM test WHERE name=", SQLParam('joe')])
            >>> q.query()
            'SELECT * FROM test WHERE name=%s'
            >>> q.query(paramstyle='qmark')
            'SELECT * FROM test WHERE name=?'
        """
        s = []
        for x in self.items:
            if isinstance(x, SQLParam):
                x = x.get_marker(paramstyle)
                s.append(safestr(x))
            else:
                x = safestr(x)
                # automatically escape % characters in the query
                # For backward compatability, ignore escaping when the query looks already escaped
                if paramstyle in ['format', 'pyformat']:
                    if '%' in x and '%%' not in x:
                        x = x.replace('%', '%%')
                s.append(x)
        return "".join(s) 

def __init__(self, **keywords):
        if 'pw' in keywords:
            keywords['password'] = keywords.pop('pw')
            
        db_module = import_driver(["psycopg2", "psycopg", "pgdb"], preferred=keywords.pop('driver', None))
        if db_module.__name__ == "psycopg2":
            import psycopg2.extensions
            psycopg2.extensions.register_type(psycopg2.extensions.UNICODE)

        # if db is not provided postgres driver will take it from PGDATABASE environment variable
        if 'db' in keywords:
            keywords['database'] = keywords.pop('db')
        
        self.dbname = "postgres"
        self.paramstyle = db_module.paramstyle
        DB.__init__(self, db_module, keywords)
        self.supports_multiple_insert = True
        self._sequences = None 

def query(self, paramstyle=None):
        """
        Returns the query part of the sql query.
            >>> q = SQLQuery(["SELECT * FROM test WHERE name=", SQLParam('joe')])
            >>> q.query()
            'SELECT * FROM test WHERE name=%s'
            >>> q.query(paramstyle='qmark')
            'SELECT * FROM test WHERE name=?'
        """
        s = []
        for x in self.items:
            if isinstance(x, SQLParam):
                x = x.get_marker(paramstyle)
                s.append(safestr(x))
            else:
                x = safestr(x)
                # automatically escape % characters in the query
                # For backward compatability, ignore escaping when the query looks already escaped
                if paramstyle in ['format', 'pyformat']:
                    if '%' in x and '%%' not in x:
                        x = x.replace('%', '%%')
                s.append(x)
        return "".join(s) 

def __init__(self, **keywords):
        if 'pw' in keywords:
            keywords['password'] = keywords.pop('pw')
            
        db_module = import_driver(["psycopg2", "psycopg", "pgdb"], preferred=keywords.pop('driver', None))
        if db_module.__name__ == "psycopg2":
            import psycopg2.extensions
            psycopg2.extensions.register_type(psycopg2.extensions.UNICODE)
        if db_module.__name__ == "pgdb" and 'port' in keywords:
            keywords["host"] += ":" + str(keywords.pop('port'))

        # if db is not provided postgres driver will take it from PGDATABASE environment variable
        if 'db' in keywords:
            keywords['database'] = keywords.pop('db')
        
        self.dbname = "postgres"
        self.paramstyle = db_module.paramstyle
        DB.__init__(self, db_module, keywords)
        self.supports_multiple_insert = True
        self._sequences = None 

def query(self, paramstyle=None):
        """
        Returns the query part of the sql query.
            >>> q = SQLQuery(["SELECT * FROM test WHERE name=", SQLParam('joe')])
            >>> q.query()
            'SELECT * FROM test WHERE name=%s'
            >>> q.query(paramstyle='qmark')
            'SELECT * FROM test WHERE name=?'
        """
        s = []
        for x in self.items:
            if isinstance(x, SQLParam):
                x = x.get_marker(paramstyle)
                s.append(safestr(x))
            else:
                x = safestr(x)
                # automatically escape % characters in the query
                # For backward compatability, ignore escaping when the query looks already escaped
                if paramstyle in ['format', 'pyformat']:
                    if '%' in x and '%%' not in x:
                        x = x.replace('%', '%%')
                s.append(x)
        return "".join(s) 

def __init__(self, **keywords):
        if 'pw' in keywords:
            keywords['password'] = keywords.pop('pw')
            
        db_module = import_driver(["psycopg2", "psycopg", "pgdb"], preferred=keywords.pop('driver', None))
        if db_module.__name__ == "psycopg2":
            import psycopg2.extensions
            psycopg2.extensions.register_type(psycopg2.extensions.UNICODE)

        # if db is not provided postgres driver will take it from PGDATABASE environment variable
        if 'db' in keywords:
            keywords['database'] = keywords.pop('db')
        
        self.dbname = "postgres"
        self.paramstyle = db_module.paramstyle
        DB.__init__(self, db_module, keywords)
        self.supports_multiple_insert = True
        self._sequences = None 

def query(self, paramstyle=None):
        """
        Returns the query part of the sql query.
            >>> q = SQLQuery(["SELECT * FROM test WHERE name=", SQLParam('joe')])
            >>> q.query()
            'SELECT * FROM test WHERE name=%s'
            >>> q.query(paramstyle='qmark')
            'SELECT * FROM test WHERE name=?'
        """
        s = []
        for x in self.items:
            if isinstance(x, SQLParam):
                x = x.get_marker(paramstyle)
                s.append(safestr(x))
            else:
                x = safestr(x)
                # automatically escape % characters in the query
                # For backward compatability, ignore escaping when the query looks already escaped
                if paramstyle in ['format', 'pyformat']:
                    if '%' in x and '%%' not in x:
                        x = x.replace('%', '%%')
                s.append(x)
        return "".join(s) 

def __init__(self, **keywords):
        if 'pw' in keywords:
            keywords['password'] = keywords.pop('pw')
            
        db_module = import_driver(["psycopg2", "psycopg", "pgdb"], preferred=keywords.pop('driver', None))
        if db_module.__name__ == "psycopg2":
            import psycopg2.extensions
            psycopg2.extensions.register_type(psycopg2.extensions.UNICODE)

        # if db is not provided postgres driver will take it from PGDATABASE environment variable
        if 'db' in keywords:
            keywords['database'] = keywords.pop('db')
        
        self.dbname = "postgres"
        self.paramstyle = db_module.paramstyle
        DB.__init__(self, db_module, keywords)
        self.supports_multiple_insert = True
        self._sequences = None 

def aparam():
    """
    Returns the appropriate string to be used to interpolate
    a value with the current `web.ctx.db_module` or simply %s
    if there isn't one.
    
        >>> aparam()
        '%s'
    """
    if hasattr(web.ctx, 'db_module'):
        style = web.ctx.db_module.paramstyle
    else:
        style = 'pyformat'
    
    if style == 'qmark': 
        return '?'
    elif style == 'numeric': 
        return ':1'
    elif style in ['format', 'pyformat']: 
        return '%s'
    raise UnknownParamstyle, style 

def aparam():
    """
    Returns the appropriate string to be used to interpolate
    a value with the current `web.ctx.db_module` or simply %s
    if there isn't one.
    
        >>> aparam()
        '%s'
    """
    if hasattr(web.ctx, 'db_module'):
        style = web.ctx.db_module.paramstyle
    else:
        style = 'pyformat'
    
    if style == 'qmark': 
        return '?'
    elif style == 'numeric': 
        return ':1'
    elif style in ['format', 'pyformat']: 
        return '%s'
    raise UnknownParamstyle, style 

def query(self, paramstyle=None):
        """
        Returns the query part of the sql query.
            >>> q = SQLQuery(["SELECT * FROM test WHERE name=", SQLParam('joe')])
            >>> q.query()
            'SELECT * FROM test WHERE name=%s'
            >>> q.query(paramstyle='qmark')
            'SELECT * FROM test WHERE name=?'
        """
        s = []
        for x in self.items:
            if isinstance(x, SQLParam):
                x = x.get_marker(paramstyle)
                s.append(safestr(x))
            else:
                x = safestr(x)
                # automatically escape % characters in the query
                # For backward compatability, ignore escaping when the query looks already escaped
                if paramstyle in ['format', 'pyformat']:
                    if '%' in x and '%%' not in x:
                        x = x.replace('%', '%%')
                s.append(x)
        return "".join(s) 

def __init__(self, **keywords):
        if 'pw' in keywords:
            keywords['password'] = keywords.pop('pw')
            
        db_module = import_driver(["psycopg2", "psycopg", "pgdb"], preferred=keywords.pop('driver', None))
        if db_module.__name__ == "psycopg2":
            import psycopg2.extensions
            psycopg2.extensions.register_type(psycopg2.extensions.UNICODE)

        # if db is not provided postgres driver will take it from PGDATABASE environment variable
        if 'db' in keywords:
            keywords['database'] = keywords.pop('db')
        
        self.dbname = "postgres"
        self.paramstyle = db_module.paramstyle
        DB.__init__(self, db_module, keywords)
        self.supports_multiple_insert = True
        self._sequences = None 

def _db_execute(self, cur, sql_query): 
        """executes an sql query"""
        self.ctx.dbq_count += 1
        
        try:
            a = time.time()
            paramstyle = getattr(self, 'paramstyle', 'pyformat')
            out = cur.execute(sql_query.query(paramstyle),
                              [self._py2sql(x)
                               for x in sql_query.values()])
            b = time.time()
        except:
            if self.printing:
                print >> debug, 'ERR:', str(sql_query)
            if self.ctx.transactions:
                self.ctx.transactions[-1].rollback()
            else:
                self.ctx.rollback()
            raise

        if self.printing:
            print >> debug, '%s (%s): %s' % (round(b-a, 2), self.ctx.dbq_count, str(sql_query))
        return out 

def query(self, paramstyle=None):
        """
        Returns the query part of the sql query.
            >>> q = SQLQuery(["SELECT * FROM test WHERE name=", SQLParam('joe')])
            >>> q.query()
            'SELECT * FROM test WHERE name=%s'
            >>> q.query(paramstyle='qmark')
            'SELECT * FROM test WHERE name=?'
        """
        s = []
        for x in self.items:
            if isinstance(x, SQLParam):
                x = x.get_marker(paramstyle)
                s.append(safestr(x))
            else:
                x = safestr(x)
                # automatically escape % characters in the query
                # For backward compatability, ignore escaping when the query looks already escaped
                if paramstyle in ['format', 'pyformat']:
                    if '%' in x and '%%' not in x:
                        x = x.replace('%', '%%')
                s.append(x)
        return "".join(s) 

def __init__(self, **keywords):
        if 'pw' in keywords:
            keywords['password'] = keywords.pop('pw')

        db_module = import_driver(["psycopg2", "psycopg", "pgdb"], preferred=keywords.pop('driver', None))
        if db_module.__name__ == "psycopg2":
            import psycopg2.extensions

            psycopg2.extensions.register_type(psycopg2.extensions.UNICODE)
        if db_module.__name__ == "pgdb" and 'port' in keywords:
            keywords["host"] += ":" + str(keywords.pop('port'))

        # if db is not provided postgres driver will take it from PGDATABASE environment variable
        if 'db' in keywords:
            keywords['database'] = keywords.pop('db')

        self.dbname = "postgres"
        self.paramstyle = db_module.paramstyle
        DB.__init__(self, db_module, keywords)
        self.supports_multiple_insert = True
        self._sequences = None 

def get_marker(self, paramstyle='pyformat'):
        if paramstyle == 'qmark':
            return '?'
        elif paramstyle == 'numeric':
            return ':1'
        elif paramstyle is None or paramstyle in ['format', 'pyformat']:
            return '%s'
        raise UnknownParamstyle, paramstyle 

def _param_marker(self):
        """Returns parameter marker based on paramstyle attribute if this database."""
        style = getattr(self, 'paramstyle', 'pyformat')

        if style == 'qmark':
            return '?'
        elif style == 'numeric':
            return ':1'
        elif style in ['format', 'pyformat']:
            return '%s'
        raise UnknownParamstyle, style 

def _process_query(self, sql_query):
        """Takes the SQLQuery object and returns query string and parameters.
        """
        paramstyle = getattr(self, 'paramstyle', 'pyformat')
        query = sql_query.query(paramstyle)
        params = sql_query.values()
        return query, params 

def __init__(self, **keywords):
        db = import_driver(["sqlite3", "pysqlite2.dbapi2", "sqlite"], preferred=keywords.pop('driver', None))

        if db.__name__ in ["sqlite3", "pysqlite2.dbapi2"]:
            db.paramstyle = 'qmark'
            
        # sqlite driver doesn't create datatime objects for timestamp columns unless `detect_types` option is passed.
        # It seems to be supported in sqlite3 and pysqlite2 drivers, not surte about sqlite.
        keywords.setdefault('detect_types', db.PARSE_DECLTYPES)

        self.paramstyle = db.paramstyle
        keywords['database'] = keywords.pop('db')
        self.dbname = "sqlite"        
        DB.__init__(self, db, keywords) 

def _process_query(self, sql_query):
        """Takes the SQLQuery object and returns query string and parameters.
        """
        # MSSQLDB expects params to be a tuple. 
        # Overwriting the default implementation to convert params to tuple.
        paramstyle = getattr(self, 'paramstyle', 'pyformat')
        query = sql_query.query(paramstyle)
        params = sql_query.values()
        return query, tuple(params) 

def __init__(self, **keywords): 
        import cx_Oracle as db 
        if 'pw' in keywords: 
            keywords['password'] = keywords.pop('pw') 

        #@@ TODO: use db.makedsn if host, port is specified 
        keywords['dsn'] = keywords.pop('db') 
        self.dbname = 'oracle' 
        db.paramstyle = 'numeric' 
        self.paramstyle = db.paramstyle

        # oracle doesn't support pooling 
        keywords.pop('pooling', None) 
        DB.__init__(self, db, keywords) 

def get_marker(self, paramstyle='pyformat'):
        if paramstyle == 'qmark':
            return '?'
        elif paramstyle == 'numeric':
            return ':1'
        elif paramstyle is None or paramstyle in ['format', 'pyformat']:
            return '%s'
        raise UnknownParamstyle(paramstyle) 

def _param_marker(self):
        """Returns parameter marker based on paramstyle attribute if this database."""
        style = getattr(self, 'paramstyle', 'pyformat')

        if style == 'qmark':
            return '?'
        elif style == 'numeric':
            return ':1'
        elif style in ['format', 'pyformat']:
            return '%s'
        raise UnknownParamstyle(style) 

def _process_query(self, sql_query):
        """Takes the SQLQuery object and returns query string and parameters.
        """
        paramstyle = getattr(self, 'paramstyle', 'pyformat')
        query = sql_query.query(paramstyle)
        params = sql_query.values()
        return query, params 

def __init__(self, **keywords):
        db = import_driver(["sqlite3", "pysqlite2.dbapi2", "sqlite"], preferred=keywords.pop('driver', None))

        if db.__name__ in ["sqlite3", "pysqlite2.dbapi2"]:
            db.paramstyle = 'qmark'
            
        # sqlite driver doesn't create datatime objects for timestamp columns unless `detect_types` option is passed.
        # It seems to be supported in sqlite3 and pysqlite2 drivers, not surte about sqlite.
        keywords.setdefault('detect_types', db.PARSE_DECLTYPES)

        self.paramstyle = db.paramstyle
        keywords['database'] = keywords.pop('db')
        keywords['pooling'] = False # sqlite don't allows connections to be shared by threads
        self.dbname = "sqlite"        
        DB.__init__(self, db, keywords) 

def __init__(self, **keywords):
        try:
            import kinterbasdb as db
        except Exception:
            db = None
            pass
        if 'pw' in keywords:
            keywords['password'] = keywords.pop('pw')
        keywords['database'] = keywords.pop('db')

        self.paramstyle = db.paramstyle

        DB.__init__(self, db, keywords) 

def _process_query(self, sql_query):
        """Takes the SQLQuery object and returns query string and parameters.
        """
        # MSSQLDB expects params to be a tuple. 
        # Overwriting the default implementation to convert params to tuple.
        paramstyle = getattr(self, 'paramstyle', 'pyformat')
        query = sql_query.query(paramstyle)
        params = sql_query.values()
        return query, tuple(params) 

def __init__(self, **keywords): 
        import cx_Oracle as db 
        if 'pw' in keywords: 
            keywords['password'] = keywords.pop('pw') 

        #@@ TODO: use db.makedsn if host, port is specified 
        keywords['dsn'] = keywords.pop('db') 
        self.dbname = 'oracle' 
        db.paramstyle = 'numeric' 
        self.paramstyle = db.paramstyle

        # oracle doesn't support pooling 
        keywords.pop('pooling', None) 
        DB.__init__(self, db, keywords) 

def get_marker(self, paramstyle='pyformat'):
        if paramstyle == 'qmark':
            return '?'
        elif paramstyle == 'numeric':
            return ':1'
        elif paramstyle is None or paramstyle in ['format', 'pyformat']:
            return '%s'
        raise UnknownParamstyle, paramstyle 

def _param_marker(self):
        """Returns parameter marker based on paramstyle attribute if this database."""
        style = getattr(self, 'paramstyle', 'pyformat')

        if style == 'qmark':
            return '?'
        elif style == 'numeric':
            return ':1'
        elif style in ['format', 'pyformat']:
            return '%s'
        raise UnknownParamstyle, style 

def _process_query(self, sql_query):
        """Takes the SQLQuery object and returns query string and parameters.
        """
        paramstyle = getattr(self, 'paramstyle', 'pyformat')
        query = sql_query.query(paramstyle)
        params = sql_query.values()
        return query, params 

def __init__(self, **keywords):
        db = import_driver(["sqlite3", "pysqlite2.dbapi2", "sqlite"], preferred=keywords.pop('driver', None))

        if db.__name__ in ["sqlite3", "pysqlite2.dbapi2"]:
            db.paramstyle = 'qmark'
            
        # sqlite driver doesn't create datatime objects for timestamp columns unless `detect_types` option is passed.
        # It seems to be supported in sqlite3 and pysqlite2 drivers, not surte about sqlite.
        keywords.setdefault('detect_types', db.PARSE_DECLTYPES)

        self.paramstyle = db.paramstyle
        keywords['database'] = keywords.pop('db')
        keywords['pooling'] = False # sqlite don't allows connections to be shared by threads
        self.dbname = "sqlite"        
        DB.__init__(self, db, keywords) 

def _process_query(self, sql_query):
        """Takes the SQLQuery object and returns query string and parameters.
        """
        # MSSQLDB expects params to be a tuple. 
        # Overwriting the default implementation to convert params to tuple.
        paramstyle = getattr(self, 'paramstyle', 'pyformat')
        query = sql_query.query(paramstyle)
        params = sql_query.values()
        return query, tuple(params) 

def __init__(self, **keywords): 
        import cx_Oracle as db 
        if 'pw' in keywords: 
            keywords['password'] = keywords.pop('pw') 

        #@@ TODO: use db.makedsn if host, port is specified 
        keywords['dsn'] = keywords.pop('db') 
        self.dbname = 'oracle' 
        db.paramstyle = 'numeric' 
        self.paramstyle = db.paramstyle

        # oracle doesn't support pooling 
        keywords.pop('pooling', None) 
        DB.__init__(self, db, keywords) 

def get_marker(self, paramstyle='pyformat'):
        if paramstyle == 'qmark':
            return '?'
        elif paramstyle == 'numeric':
            return ':1'
        elif paramstyle is None or paramstyle in ['format', 'pyformat']:
            return '%s'
        raise UnknownParamstyle, paramstyle 

def _process_query(self, sql_query):
        """Takes the SQLQuery object and returns query string and parameters.
        """
        paramstyle = getattr(self, 'paramstyle', 'pyformat')
        query = sql_query.query(paramstyle)
        params = sql_query.values()
        return query, params 

def __init__(self, **keywords):
        import MySQLdb as db
        if 'pw' in keywords:
            keywords['passwd'] = keywords['pw']
            del keywords['pw']

        if 'charset' not in keywords:
            keywords['charset'] = 'utf8'
        elif keywords['charset'] is None:
            del keywords['charset']

        self.paramstyle = db.paramstyle = 'pyformat' # it's both, like psycopg
        self.dbname = "mysql"
        DB.__init__(self, db, keywords)
        self.supports_multiple_insert = True 

def __init__(self, **keywords):
        db = import_driver(["sqlite3", "pysqlite2.dbapi2", "sqlite"], preferred=keywords.pop('driver', None))

        if db.__name__ in ["sqlite3", "pysqlite2.dbapi2"]:
            db.paramstyle = 'qmark'
            
        # sqlite driver doesn't create datatime objects for timestamp columns unless `detect_types` option is passed.
        # It seems to be supported in sqlite3 and pysqlite2 drivers, not surte about sqlite.
        keywords.setdefault('detect_types', db.PARSE_DECLTYPES)

        self.paramstyle = db.paramstyle
        keywords['database'] = keywords.pop('db')
        keywords['pooling'] = False # sqlite don't allows connections to be shared by threads
        self.dbname = "sqlite"        
        DB.__init__(self, db, keywords) 

def _process_query(self, sql_query):
        """Takes the SQLQuery object and returns query string and parameters.
        """
        # MSSQLDB expects params to be a tuple. 
        # Overwriting the default implementation to convert params to tuple.
        paramstyle = getattr(self, 'paramstyle', 'pyformat')
        query = sql_query.query(paramstyle)
        params = sql_query.values()
        return query, tuple(params) 

def aparam():
    """Use in a SQL string to make a spot for a db value."""
    style = ctx.db_module.paramstyle
    if style == 'qmark':
        return '?'
    elif style == 'numeric':
        return ':1'
    elif style in ['format', 'pyformat']:
        return '%s'
    raise UnknownParamstyle, style 

def get_marker(self, paramstyle='pyformat'):
        if paramstyle == 'qmark':
            return '?'
        elif paramstyle == 'numeric':
            return ':1'
        elif paramstyle is None or paramstyle in ['format', 'pyformat']:
            return '%s'
        raise UnknownParamstyle, paramstyle 

def _param_marker(self):
        """Returns parameter marker based on paramstyle attribute if this database."""
        style = getattr(self, 'paramstyle', 'pyformat')

        if style == 'qmark':
            return '?'
        elif style == 'numeric':
            return ':1'
        elif style in ['format', 'pyformat']:
            return '%s'
        raise UnknownParamstyle, style 

def _process_query(self, sql_query):
        """Takes the SQLQuery object and returns query string and parameters.
        """
        paramstyle = getattr(self, 'paramstyle', 'pyformat')
        query = sql_query.query(paramstyle)
        params = sql_query.values()
        return query, params 

def __init__(self, **keywords):
        db = import_driver(["sqlite3", "pysqlite2.dbapi2", "sqlite"], preferred=keywords.pop('driver', None))

        if db.__name__ in ["sqlite3", "pysqlite2.dbapi2"]:
            db.paramstyle = 'qmark'
            
        # sqlite driver doesn't create datatime objects for timestamp columns unless `detect_types` option is passed.
        # It seems to be supported in sqlite3 and pysqlite2 drivers, not surte about sqlite.
        keywords.setdefault('detect_types', db.PARSE_DECLTYPES)

        self.paramstyle = db.paramstyle
        keywords['database'] = keywords.pop('db')
        keywords['pooling'] = False # sqlite don't allows connections to be shared by threads
        self.dbname = "sqlite"        
        DB.__init__(self, db, keywords) 

def _process_query(self, sql_query):
        """Takes the SQLQuery object and returns query string and parameters.
        """
        # MSSQLDB expects params to be a tuple. 
        # Overwriting the default implementation to convert params to tuple.
        paramstyle = getattr(self, 'paramstyle', 'pyformat')
        query = sql_query.query(paramstyle)
        params = sql_query.values()
        return query, tuple(params) 

def __init__(self, **keywords): 
        import cx_Oracle as db 
        if 'pw' in keywords: 
            keywords['password'] = keywords.pop('pw') 

        #@@ TODO: use db.makedsn if host, port is specified 
        keywords['dsn'] = keywords.pop('db') 
        self.dbname = 'oracle' 
        db.paramstyle = 'numeric' 
        self.paramstyle = db.paramstyle

        # oracle doesn't support pooling 
        keywords.pop('pooling', None) 
        DB.__init__(self, db, keywords) 

def get_marker(self, paramstyle='pyformat'):
        if paramstyle == 'qmark':
            return '?'
        elif paramstyle == 'numeric':
            return ':1'
        elif paramstyle is None or paramstyle in ['format', 'pyformat']:
            return '%s'
        raise UnknownParamstyle, paramstyle 

def query(self, paramstyle=None):
        """
        Returns the query part of the sql query.
            >>> q = SQLQuery(["SELECT * FROM test WHERE name=", SQLParam('joe')])
            >>> q.query()
            'SELECT * FROM test WHERE name=%s'
            >>> q.query(paramstyle='qmark')
            'SELECT * FROM test WHERE name=?'
        """
        s = ''
        for x in self.items:
            if isinstance(x, SQLParam):
                x = x.get_marker(paramstyle)
            s += x
        return s 

def _param_marker(self):
        """Returns parameter marker based on paramstyle attribute if this database."""
        style = getattr(self, 'paramstyle', 'pyformat')

        if style == 'qmark':
            return '?'
        elif style == 'numeric':
            return ':1'
        elif style in ['format', 'pyformat']:
            return '%s'
        raise UnknownParamstyle, style 

def __init__(self, **keywords):
        if 'pw' in keywords:
            keywords['password'] = keywords['pw']
            del keywords['pw']
            
        db_module = self.get_db_module()
        keywords['database'] = keywords.pop('db')
        self.dbname = "postgres"
        self.paramstyle = db_module.paramstyle
        DB.__init__(self, db_module, keywords)
        self.supports_multiple_insert = True