usl4j is Java modeler for Dr. Neil Gunther's Universal Scalability Law as described by Baron Schwartz in his book Practical Scalability Analysis with the Universal Scalability Law.
Given a handful of measurements of any two Little's Law parameters--throughput, latency, and concurrency--the USL allows you to make predictions about any of those parameters' values given an arbitrary value for any another parameter. For example, given a set of measurements of concurrency and throughput, the USL will allow you to predict what a system's average latency will look like at a particular throughput, or how many servers you'll need to process requests and stay under your SLA's latency requirements.
The model coefficients and predictions should be within 0.02% of those listed in the book.
<dependency>
<groupId>com.codahale</groupId>
<artifactId>usl4j</artifactId>
<version>0.7.0</version>
</dependency>It depends on DDogleg Numerics for least-squares regression.
Note: module name for Java 9+ is com.codahale.usl4j.
As an example, consider doing load testing and capacity planning for an HTTP server. To model the behavior of the system using the USL, you must first gather a set of measurements of the system. These measurements must be of two of the three parameters of Little's Law: mean response time (in seconds), throughput (in requests per second), and concurrency (i.e. the number of concurrent clients).
Because response time tends to be a property of load (i.e. it rises as throughput or concurrency
rises), the dependent variable in your tests should be mean response time. This leaves either
throughput or concurrency as your independent variable, but thanks to Little's Law it doesn't
matter which one you use. For the purposes of discussion, let's say you measure throughput as a
function of the number of concurrent clients working at a fixed rate (e.g. you used
wrk2).
After your load testing is done, you should have a set of measurements shaped like this:
| concurrency | throughput |
|---|---|
| 1 | 955.16 |
| 2 | 1878.91 |
| 3 | 2688.01 |
| 4 | 3548.68 |
| 5 | 4315.54 |
| 6 | 5130.43 |
| 7 | 5931.37 |
| 8 | 6531.08 |
For simplicity's sake, let's assume you're storing this as a double[][]. Now you can build a model
and begin estimating things:
import com.codahale.usl4j.Measurement;
import com.codahale.usl4j.Model;
import java.util.Arrays;
class Example {
void buildModel() {
final double[][] points = {{1, 955.16}, {2, 1878.91}, {3, 2688.01}}; // etc.
// Map the points to measurements of concurrency and throughput, then build a model from them.
final Model model = Arrays.stream(points)
.map(Measurement.ofConcurrency()::andThroughput)
.collect(Model.toModel());
for (int i = 10; i < 200; i+=10) {
System.out.printf("At %d workers, expect %f req/sec\n", i, model.throughputAtConcurrency(i));
}
}
}Building models is pretty fast:
Benchmark (size) Mode Cnt Score Error Units
Benchmarks.build 10 avgt 5 0.507 ± 0.061 us/op
Benchmarks.build 100 avgt 5 1.242 ± 0.266 us/op
Benchmarks.build 1000 avgt 5 7.499 ± 0.157 us/op
Benchmarks.build 10000 avgt 5 72.321 ± 2.681 us/opI strongly recommend Practical Scalability Analysis with the Universal Scalability Law, a free e-book by Baron Schwartz, author of High Performance MySQL and CEO of VividCortex. Trying to use this library without actually understanding the concepts behind Little's Law, Amdahl's Law, and the Universal Scalability Law will be difficult and potentially misleading.
I also wrote a blog post about this library.
Copyright © 2017 Coda Hale
Distributed under the Apache License 2.0.