/*
* Copyright 2002-2019 the original author or authors.
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package org.springframework.jdbc.support;
import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
import java.math.BigDecimal;
import java.sql.Blob;
import java.sql.Clob;
import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DatabaseMetaData;
import java.sql.ResultSet;
import java.sql.ResultSetMetaData;
import java.sql.SQLException;
import java.sql.SQLFeatureNotSupportedException;
import java.sql.Statement;
import java.sql.Types;
import javax.sql.DataSource;
import org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;
import org.springframework.jdbc.CannotGetJdbcConnectionException;
import org.springframework.jdbc.datasource.DataSourceUtils;
import org.springframework.lang.Nullable;
import org.springframework.util.NumberUtils;
import org.springframework.util.StringUtils;
/**
* Generic utility methods for working with JDBC. Mainly for internal use
* within the framework, but also useful for custom JDBC access code.
*
* @author Thomas Risberg
* @author Juergen Hoeller
*/
public abstract class JdbcUtils {
/**
* Constant that indicates an unknown (or unspecified) SQL type.
* @see java.sql.Types
*/
public static final int TYPE_UNKNOWN = Integer.MIN_VALUE;
private static final Log logger = LogFactory.getLog(JdbcUtils.class);
/**
* Close the given JDBC Connection and ignore any thrown exception.
* This is useful for typical finally blocks in manual JDBC code.
* @param con the JDBC Connection to close (may be {@code null})
*/
public static void closeConnection(@Nullable Connection con) {
if (con != null) {
try {
con.close();
}
catch (SQLException ex) {
logger.debug("Could not close JDBC Connection", ex);
}
catch (Throwable ex) {
// We don't trust the JDBC driver: It might throw RuntimeException or Error.
logger.debug("Unexpected exception on closing JDBC Connection", ex);
}
}
}
/**
* Close the given JDBC Statement and ignore any thrown exception.
* This is useful for typical finally blocks in manual JDBC code.
* @param stmt the JDBC Statement to close (may be {@code null})
*/
public static void closeStatement(@Nullable Statement stmt) {
if (stmt != null) {
try {
stmt.close();
}
catch (SQLException ex) {
logger.trace("Could not close JDBC Statement", ex);
}
catch (Throwable ex) {
// We don't trust the JDBC driver: It might throw RuntimeException or Error.
logger.trace("Unexpected exception on closing JDBC Statement", ex);
}
}
}
/**
* Close the given JDBC ResultSet and ignore any thrown exception.
* This is useful for typical finally blocks in manual JDBC code.
* @param rs the JDBC ResultSet to close (may be {@code null})
*/
public static void closeResultSet(@Nullable ResultSet rs) {
if (rs != null) {
try {
rs.close();
}
catch (SQLException ex) {
logger.trace("Could not close JDBC ResultSet", ex);
}
catch (Throwable ex) {
// We don't trust the JDBC driver: It might throw RuntimeException or Error.
logger.trace("Unexpected exception on closing JDBC ResultSet", ex);
}
}
}
/**
* Retrieve a JDBC column value from a ResultSet, using the specified value type.
* <p>Uses the specifically typed ResultSet accessor methods, falling back to
* {@link #getResultSetValue(java.sql.ResultSet, int)} for unknown types.
* <p>Note that the returned value may not be assignable to the specified
* required type, in case of an unknown type. Calling code needs to deal
* with this case appropriately, e.g. throwing a corresponding exception.
* @param rs is the ResultSet holding the data
* @param index is the column index
* @param requiredType the required value type (may be {@code null})
* @return the value object (possibly not of the specified required type,
* with further conversion steps necessary)
* @throws SQLException if thrown by the JDBC API
* @see #getResultSetValue(ResultSet, int)
*/
@Nullable
public static Object getResultSetValue(ResultSet rs, int index, @Nullable Class<?> requiredType) throws SQLException {
if (requiredType == null) {
return getResultSetValue(rs, index);
}
Object value;
// Explicitly extract typed value, as far as possible.
if (String.class == requiredType) {
return rs.getString(index);
}
else if (boolean.class == requiredType || Boolean.class == requiredType) {
value = rs.getBoolean(index);
}
else if (byte.class == requiredType || Byte.class == requiredType) {
value = rs.getByte(index);
}
else if (short.class == requiredType || Short.class == requiredType) {
value = rs.getShort(index);
}
else if (int.class == requiredType || Integer.class == requiredType) {
value = rs.getInt(index);
}
else if (long.class == requiredType || Long.class == requiredType) {
value = rs.getLong(index);
}
else if (float.class == requiredType || Float.class == requiredType) {
value = rs.getFloat(index);
}
else if (double.class == requiredType || Double.class == requiredType ||
Number.class == requiredType) {
value = rs.getDouble(index);
}
else if (BigDecimal.class == requiredType) {
return rs.getBigDecimal(index);
}
else if (java.sql.Date.class == requiredType) {
return rs.getDate(index);
}
else if (java.sql.Time.class == requiredType) {
return rs.getTime(index);
}
else if (java.sql.Timestamp.class == requiredType || java.util.Date.class == requiredType) {
return rs.getTimestamp(index);
}
else if (byte[].class == requiredType) {
return rs.getBytes(index);
}
else if (Blob.class == requiredType) {
return rs.getBlob(index);
}
else if (Clob.class == requiredType) {
return rs.getClob(index);
}
else if (requiredType.isEnum()) {
// Enums can either be represented through a String or an enum index value:
// leave enum type conversion up to the caller (e.g. a ConversionService)
// but make sure that we return nothing other than a String or an Integer.
Object obj = rs.getObject(index);
if (obj instanceof String) {
return obj;
}
else if (obj instanceof Number) {
// Defensively convert any Number to an Integer (as needed by our
// ConversionService's IntegerToEnumConverterFactory) for use as index
return NumberUtils.convertNumberToTargetClass((Number) obj, Integer.class);
}
else {
// e.g. on Postgres: getObject returns a PGObject but we need a String
return rs.getString(index);
}
}
else {
// Some unknown type desired -> rely on getObject.
try {
return rs.getObject(index, requiredType);
}
catch (AbstractMethodError err) {
logger.debug("JDBC driver does not implement JDBC 4.1 'getObject(int, Class)' method", err);
}
catch (SQLFeatureNotSupportedException ex) {
logger.debug("JDBC driver does not support JDBC 4.1 'getObject(int, Class)' method", ex);
}
catch (SQLException ex) {
logger.debug("JDBC driver has limited support for JDBC 4.1 'getObject(int, Class)' method", ex);
}
// Corresponding SQL types for JSR-310 / Joda-Time types, left up
// to the caller to convert them (e.g. through a ConversionService).
String typeName = requiredType.getSimpleName();
if ("LocalDate".equals(typeName)) {
return rs.getDate(index);
}
else if ("LocalTime".equals(typeName)) {
return rs.getTime(index);
}
else if ("LocalDateTime".equals(typeName)) {
return rs.getTimestamp(index);
}
// Fall back to getObject without type specification, again
// left up to the caller to convert the value if necessary.
return getResultSetValue(rs, index);
}
// Perform was-null check if necessary (for results that the JDBC driver returns as primitives).
return (rs.wasNull() ? null : value);
}
/**
* Retrieve a JDBC column value from a ResultSet, using the most appropriate
* value type. The returned value should be a detached value object, not having
* any ties to the active ResultSet: in particular, it should not be a Blob or
* Clob object but rather a byte array or String representation, respectively.
* <p>Uses the {@code getObject(index)} method, but includes additional "hacks"
* to get around Oracle 10g returning a non-standard object for its TIMESTAMP
* datatype and a {@code java.sql.Date} for DATE columns leaving out the
* time portion: These columns will explicitly be extracted as standard
* {@code java.sql.Timestamp} object.
* @param rs is the ResultSet holding the data
* @param index is the column index
* @return the value object
* @throws SQLException if thrown by the JDBC API
* @see java.sql.Blob
* @see java.sql.Clob
* @see java.sql.Timestamp
*/
@Nullable
public static Object getResultSetValue(ResultSet rs, int index) throws SQLException {
Object obj = rs.getObject(index);
String className = null;
if (obj != null) {
className = obj.getClass().getName();
}
if (obj instanceof Blob) {
Blob blob = (Blob) obj;
obj = blob.getBytes(1, (int) blob.length());
}
else if (obj instanceof Clob) {
Clob clob = (Clob) obj;
obj = clob.getSubString(1, (int) clob.length());
}
else if ("oracle.sql.TIMESTAMP".equals(className) || "oracle.sql.TIMESTAMPTZ".equals(className)) {
obj = rs.getTimestamp(index);
}
else if (className != null && className.startsWith("oracle.sql.DATE")) {
String metaDataClassName = rs.getMetaData().getColumnClassName(index);
if ("java.sql.Timestamp".equals(metaDataClassName) || "oracle.sql.TIMESTAMP".equals(metaDataClassName)) {
obj = rs.getTimestamp(index);
}
else {
obj = rs.getDate(index);
}
}
else if (obj instanceof java.sql.Date) {
if ("java.sql.Timestamp".equals(rs.getMetaData().getColumnClassName(index))) {
obj = rs.getTimestamp(index);
}
}
return obj;
}
/**
* Extract database meta-data via the given DatabaseMetaDataCallback.
* <p>This method will open a connection to the database and retrieve the database meta-data.
* Since this method is called before the exception translation feature is configured for
* a datasource, this method can not rely on the SQLException translation functionality.
* <p>Any exceptions will be wrapped in a MetaDataAccessException. This is a checked exception
* and any calling code should catch and handle this exception. You can just log the
* error and hope for the best, but there is probably a more serious error that will
* reappear when you try to access the database again.
* @param dataSource the DataSource to extract meta-data for
* @param action callback that will do the actual work
* @return object containing the extracted information, as returned by
* the DatabaseMetaDataCallback's {@code processMetaData} method
* @throws MetaDataAccessException if meta-data access failed
*/
public static Object extractDatabaseMetaData(DataSource dataSource, DatabaseMetaDataCallback action)
throws MetaDataAccessException {
Connection con = null;
try {
con = DataSourceUtils.getConnection(dataSource);
DatabaseMetaData metaData = con.getMetaData();
if (metaData == null) {
// should only happen in test environments
throw new MetaDataAccessException("DatabaseMetaData returned by Connection [" + con + "] was null");
}
return action.processMetaData(metaData);
}
catch (CannotGetJdbcConnectionException ex) {
throw new MetaDataAccessException("Could not get Connection for extracting meta-data", ex);
}
catch (SQLException ex) {
throw new MetaDataAccessException("Error while extracting DatabaseMetaData", ex);
}
catch (AbstractMethodError err) {
throw new MetaDataAccessException(
"JDBC DatabaseMetaData method not implemented by JDBC driver - upgrade your driver", err);
}
finally {
DataSourceUtils.releaseConnection(con, dataSource);
}
}
/**
* Call the specified method on DatabaseMetaData for the given DataSource,
* and extract the invocation result.
* @param dataSource the DataSource to extract meta-data for
* @param metaDataMethodName the name of the DatabaseMetaData method to call
* @return the object returned by the specified DatabaseMetaData method
* @throws MetaDataAccessException if we couldn't access the DatabaseMetaData
* or failed to invoke the specified method
* @see java.sql.DatabaseMetaData
*/
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public static <T> T extractDatabaseMetaData(DataSource dataSource, final String metaDataMethodName)
throws MetaDataAccessException {
return (T) extractDatabaseMetaData(dataSource,
dbmd -> {
try {
return DatabaseMetaData.class.getMethod(metaDataMethodName).invoke(dbmd);
}
catch (NoSuchMethodException ex) {
throw new MetaDataAccessException("No method named '" + metaDataMethodName +
"' found on DatabaseMetaData instance [" + dbmd + "]", ex);
}
catch (IllegalAccessException ex) {
throw new MetaDataAccessException(
"Could not access DatabaseMetaData method '" + metaDataMethodName + "'", ex);
}
catch (InvocationTargetException ex) {
if (ex.getTargetException() instanceof SQLException) {
throw (SQLException) ex.getTargetException();
}
throw new MetaDataAccessException(
"Invocation of DatabaseMetaData method '" + metaDataMethodName + "' failed", ex);
}
});
}
/**
* Return whether the given JDBC driver supports JDBC 2.0 batch updates.
* <p>Typically invoked right before execution of a given set of statements:
* to decide whether the set of SQL statements should be executed through
* the JDBC 2.0 batch mechanism or simply in a traditional one-by-one fashion.
* <p>Logs a warning if the "supportsBatchUpdates" methods throws an exception
* and simply returns {@code false} in that case.
* @param con the Connection to check
* @return whether JDBC 2.0 batch updates are supported
* @see java.sql.DatabaseMetaData#supportsBatchUpdates()
*/
public static boolean supportsBatchUpdates(Connection con) {
try {
DatabaseMetaData dbmd = con.getMetaData();
if (dbmd != null) {
if (dbmd.supportsBatchUpdates()) {
logger.debug("JDBC driver supports batch updates");
return true;
}
else {
logger.debug("JDBC driver does not support batch updates");
}
}
}
catch (SQLException ex) {
logger.debug("JDBC driver 'supportsBatchUpdates' method threw exception", ex);
}
return false;
}
/**
* Extract a common name for the target database in use even if
* various drivers/platforms provide varying names at runtime.
* @param source the name as provided in database meta-data
* @return the common name to be used (e.g. "DB2" or "Sybase")
*/
@Nullable
public static String commonDatabaseName(@Nullable String source) {
String name = source;
if (source != null && source.startsWith("DB2")) {
name = "DB2";
}
else if ("MariaDB".equals(source)) {
name = "MySQL";
}
else if ("Sybase SQL Server".equals(source) ||
"Adaptive Server Enterprise".equals(source) ||
"ASE".equals(source) ||
"sql server".equalsIgnoreCase(source) ) {
name = "Sybase";
}
return name;
}
/**
* Check whether the given SQL type is numeric.
* @param sqlType the SQL type to be checked
* @return whether the type is numeric
*/
public static boolean isNumeric(int sqlType) {
return (Types.BIT == sqlType || Types.BIGINT == sqlType || Types.DECIMAL == sqlType ||
Types.DOUBLE == sqlType || Types.FLOAT == sqlType || Types.INTEGER == sqlType ||
Types.NUMERIC == sqlType || Types.REAL == sqlType || Types.SMALLINT == sqlType ||
Types.TINYINT == sqlType);
}
/**
* Determine the column name to use. The column name is determined based on a
* lookup using ResultSetMetaData.
* <p>This method implementation takes into account recent clarifications
* expressed in the JDBC 4.0 specification:
* <p><i>columnLabel - the label for the column specified with the SQL AS clause.
* If the SQL AS clause was not specified, then the label is the name of the column</i>.
* @param resultSetMetaData the current meta-data to use
* @param columnIndex the index of the column for the look up
* @return the column name to use
* @throws SQLException in case of lookup failure
*/
public static String lookupColumnName(ResultSetMetaData resultSetMetaData, int columnIndex) throws SQLException {
String name = resultSetMetaData.getColumnLabel(columnIndex);
if (!StringUtils.hasLength(name)) {
name = resultSetMetaData.getColumnName(columnIndex);
}
return name;
}
/**
* Convert a column name with underscores to the corresponding property name using "camel case".
* A name like "customer_number" would match a "customerNumber" property name.
* @param name the column name to be converted
* @return the name using "camel case"
*/
public static String convertUnderscoreNameToPropertyName(@Nullable String name) {
StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder();
boolean nextIsUpper = false;
if (name != null && name.length() > 0) {
if (name.length() > 1 && name.charAt(1) == '_') {
result.append(Character.toUpperCase(name.charAt(0)));
}
else {
result.append(Character.toLowerCase(name.charAt(0)));
}
for (int i = 1; i < name.length(); i++) {
char c = name.charAt(i);
if (c == '_') {
nextIsUpper = true;
}
else {
if (nextIsUpper) {
result.append(Character.toUpperCase(c));
nextIsUpper = false;
}
else {
result.append(Character.toLowerCase(c));
}
}
}
}
return result.toString();
}
}
